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英語二
翻譯
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic， philosophical， sensual， or mathematical， but in any case it must， in my view， have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical： sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.
(46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words， all we can do is articulate our reactions to it， and not grasp music itself.
Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected， as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression， he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.
(47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person， and a courageous one， and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding， let alone the performance， of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven's music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage， for example in the use of dynamics.
(48)Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics， but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.
(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom， which， for him， was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual： he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him， order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development， an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony， but the second， so that suffering does not have the last word.
譯文：
1.在大部分人眼中，樂觀主義就意味著永遠滿懷希望、無憂無慮，遇事只往好的方面想。然而積極心理學專家認為這種樂觀只是假象，不建議人們這麼做。哈佛大學教授塔爾。本沙哈爾指出：“健康的樂觀主義應該是切合實際的。”他認為，現實的樂觀主義者會盡力讓事事順利，而不是迷信萬事大吉。
2.本沙哈爾提出了“三步樂觀法”。第一步：在碰到例如演講表現糟糕這種讓人沮喪的情況時，他首先會安慰自己人非聖賢，不是所有的演講都能拿到諾貝爾獎，總會有些演講的`效果不如他人。第二步：重現場景。他會對這次失敗的演講進行分析，總結優缺點，為以後的演講吸取經驗教訓。第三步：形成這樣一個觀念，要明白在生命的巨集大藍圖中，一次演講著實微不足道。
