Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.
Psychologists who study optimization ( 最優化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相關的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多層面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 簡潔的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
61. Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.
A. listing the consequences of each solution
B. calculating a numerical summary of each solution
C. writing down all possible solutions
D. deciding which consequences are most important
62. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that__________.
A. has the fewest variables to consider
B. uses the most decision worksheets
C. has the most points assigned to it
D. is agreed to by the greatest number of people
63. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of__________.
A. describing a process
B. classifying different types
C. providing historical background
D. explaining a theory
64. The author's attitude towards a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is __________.
A. neural
B. approving
C. ambiguous
D. biased
65. The passage mainly discusses __________.
A. a tool to assist in making complex decisions
B. a comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
C. research on how people make decisions
D. differences between making long-range and short-range decisions
參考譯文：
心理學領域的研究者發現，作出重要決定(比如，該選擇哪一所大學，該投資哪筆生意)的一個最佳方法就是使用決策工作表單。研究“最優化”的心理學家比較人們實際做的決定和理論上理想的決定，想看看兩者之間的相似之處。支援使用工作表單的人認為，這種方式可以產生“最優化”效果，即最佳決定。儘管工作表單有數種不同的具體形式，但是基本內容卻是相同的。[61]工作表單需要人們將問題以清晰簡潔的方式表現出來.然後列出所有可能解決問題的方案。接下來，列出每個解決方案會帶來怎樣的相關考慮，而且需要確定每項考慮或結果孰輕孰重。需要用數值來標記每項考慮，來反映其相對的重要性。
[62]通過將這些數值加在一起，運用數學計算的方法就可以作出一個決定。其中，綜合分數最高的解決方案即為最佳選擇。
由於一些最重要的問題往往都包含多個層面，因此會有多種備選方案，而每一種方案都各有利弊。
[64]用紙筆作決定的好處就是。相比一般情況下大腦可以理解和記憶的資訊，紙筆記錄可以使人能處理更多的變數。一般來說，人們同時可以記住七個概念。當一個方案涉及很多變數及其複雜關係時，工作表單就顯得特別有用了。舉個現實的例子，我教的大學學生會問“畢業後我要做什麼工作呢?”大學畢業生也許會找一個提供專業培訓的工作崗位，也可能想繼續深造拿更高的學位或者出國旅行一年。
一個決策工作表單從簡潔描述一個問題開始，而這個簡潔描述也會有助於縮小解決方案的範圍。分清楚長遠目標和短期目標很重要，因為與短期目標相比，長遠目標的決定過程通常與之完全不同。如果專注於長遠目標，針對上面那個問題，即將畢業的大學生可能就會這樣問：“畢業之後我做什麼能夠引領我走上成功的職業道路?”
參考答案：
61.C
定位：根據題幹資訊occursbeforetheothers,makingadecisionworksheet可將答案定位到第一段中間部分。
解析：作者在介紹製作決策工作表單的步驟時第一句就提到：“工作表單需要人們將問題以清晰簡潔的`方式表現出來，然後列出所有可能解決問題的方案。”接下來，每種方案才被逐一分析。可見在四個選項中，C項在其他步驟之前。故選c。
62.C
定位：根據題幹資訊anoptimaldecision可將答案定位到第一段最後兩句。
解析：文中提到，這種工作表單可以產生“最優化”效果，“通過將各種數值加在一起，運用數學計算的方法就可以作出一個決定。其中，綜合分數最高的解決方案即為最佳選擇。”可見，最好的決定必然是得分最高的選項。故選C。
63.A
定位：根據題幹資訊paragraph 1可將答案定位到第一段。
解析：本題考查第一段的寫作邏輯。作者在第一段首先提出論點，即使用決策工作表單來作決定是最佳方法之一，接著展開論述，在論述的時候，對這種工作表單的具體使用方法和操作步驟進行了介紹，重點在於描述過程。故選A。
64.B
定位：根據題幹資訊a pencil and paper decision—making procedure可將答案定位到第二段第二句。
解析：該句提到：“用紙筆作決定的好處就是，相比一般情況下大腦可以理解和記憶的資訊，紙筆記錄可以使人能處理更多的變數。”後文也提到，這種藉助紙和筆的工作表單在處理很多變數及其複雜關係時有很大幫助。可見，作者對於這種決策方法持支援的態度，故選B。
65.A
定位：根據題幹資訊the passage mainly discusses可知解答本題需通觀全文。
解析：文章首句提到：“作出重要決定的一個最佳方法就是使用決策工作表單”。接著，作者介紹了利用這種工作表單得出最優決定的方法。第二段提到藉助紙筆完成的工作表單比單純用頭腦記憶更有效，能幫助分析和處理更加複雜的問題。第三段提到這種工作表單要求對問題的描述比較簡潔，而且要分清短期目標和長期目標。可見，文章通篇都是在介紹這種能幫助人們分析複雜問題的決策工作表單。故選A。
