英語語法 - 同位語從句
1.同位語從句：whether
whether可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用whether作為引導詞。
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
他還沒有做出決定是否去那裡。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
他是否適合這件工作我有點懷疑。
2.同位語從句：that
些名詞的後面可以接that引導的同位語從句：
We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提議會議延期。
There was little hope that he would survive. 他倖存的希望很小。
在非正式語體中that可以省略。
以下名詞常用於以上句型：
advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word
3.同位語從句：what
what可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用what作為引導詞
I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他現在在幹什麼。
4.同位語從句：how
how可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用how作為引導詞
It’s a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
5.同位語從句：who等
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導同位語從句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰該幹這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
She raised the question where we could get the fund.
她提出這個問題：我們到哪兒去搞這筆資金。
6.同位語從句和定語從句的區別
1)同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關係；而定語從句是用來修飾先行詞，是從屬的關係。
2)that在同位語從句中沒有詞義，不充當句子成分；而在定語從句中充當主語、賓語等句子成分。
3)whether, what, how可以用來引導同位語從句；而它們不能用來引導定語從句。
4)1. 從詞義角度看問題
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導同位語從句是保持原來疑問詞的含義；它們用來引導定語從句時，不具有疑問詞的含義。
2.從搭配角度看問題
who, whom, which, when, where, why用來引導定語從句時對應性很強，如：先行詞是“人”，引導詞用“who”等，而它們引導同位語從句是先行詞通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。
英語語法—從句—狀語從句
1.狀語從句在句子中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導。狀語從句可分為：
時間狀語從句：
When Susan goes to town, she will visit her grandma.
蘇珊每次程序，總要去看望她奶奶。
地點狀語從句：
I will go where I am needed. 哪裡需要我，我就到哪裡去。
方式狀語從句：
I have changed it as you suggest. 我已經按照你的建議作了改變。
原因狀語從句：
Mary didn’t go shopping because I advised her not to.
瑪麗沒有去購物，因為我勸她不要去。
目的狀語從句：
They worked hard in order that they might succeed.
他們努力工作，以便能夠獲得成功。
結果狀語從句：
Waste must be treated so that it does not become a danger to life.
廢物必須進行處理，這樣它才不會成為危害生命的東西。
條件狀語從句：
If he works hard, he will surely succeed. 如果努力工作，他肯定會成功。
讓步狀語從句：
Though we are all different, we need never be separate.
比較狀語從句：
I was happier than I had ever been in my life. 這是我一生中最快樂的時光。
2.時間狀語從句：after
時間狀語從句由下列連詞引導：After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as
Let's wait till the rain stops. 咱們等到雨停再說吧。
Once the train is moving, there's no way to stop it.
火車一旦開動就沒辦法讓它停下來。
They were scolded whenever they were late for school. 每次他們上學遲到都捱罵。
3.時間狀語從句：the moment
有一些表示時間的名詞短語也可用來引導時間狀語從句：The minute, the moment, every time, the first time
The moment he reached the country, he started his search.
他一到達這個國家，就開始他的探尋工作。
Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before.
每當我看到那頂草帽，它就使我想起幾年前的那次旅遊。
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her。
我第一次見到她就覺得她誠實而友善。
4.時間狀語從句：directly
有一些表示時間的副詞也可用來引導時間狀語從句：
Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet. 校長一進來， 大家就安靜下來。
The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.
那位年輕女士一聽到響聲就衝進房間。
5.時間狀語從句：as的用法
1）．某事一發生，另一事立即發生
As the sun rose the frog dispersed. 太陽一出來霧就消散。
They strolled into the garden as the music ceased. 音樂聲一停，他們就走進花園。
2）．在某事發生的過程中另一事發生
I heard the murmur of their voices as I crossed the hall. 我走過大廳的時候聽到他們在嘀咕什麼。（兩個動作都是一般時態）
Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion. 正當他在說話的時候，一聲巨響。
（從句用進行時態）
3）．兩個動作同時發生
He smiled as he passed. 他路過的時候笑了一下。（兩個都是短暫動作）
As she sang, the tears ran down her cheeks. 她一邊唱歌，眼淚一邊從臉頰淌下。
Helen heard the story as she washed. 海倫一邊洗衣服一邊聽故事。
He saw that she was smiling as she read.
他看到她一邊看著書一邊笑。（兩個都是延續性動作）
We get wiser as we get older.
我們隨著年齡的增長而變得聰明起來。（隨著時間的變化而變化）
6.時間狀語從句：when的用法
以when引導的時間狀語從句中，既可用短暫性動作也可用延續性動作。
I bought the car when I received my first salary.（短暫性動作）我是在領第一筆薪水的時候買的車。
Don't get excited when you talk.（延續性動作）說話的時候不要激動。
容易與時間狀語從句混淆的例子
請注意：此項中when引導的都不是時間狀語從句。
She had just finished dressing when her guests came in.
她剛剛穿戴完畢，這時她的客人進來了。
這裡的when不是從屬連詞，而是並列連詞。所以它引導的是並列句。像這類問題有以下主要特徵：
when 後面的.分句動詞必須是瞬間動詞，用於表示突然性：
We were about to start when it began to rain.正當我們要出發的時候，突然下雨了。
1） 前面的分句是過去進行時：
He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著，突然門開了，他的妻子走了進來。
2） 前面的分句含有be about to, be on the point of:
He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.
他正要出發的時候，突然有人敲門。
3） 前面的分句採用過去完成時或是過去完成進行時：
We had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
我們剛剛入睡，突然電話鈴聲響了。
The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
飛機播種了近一個月，這時天才下雨。
8.時間狀語從句：while的用法
以while引導的時間狀語從句中，只能用延續性動作。
They arrived while I was sunbathing. 當我正在進行日光浴時，他們來了。
While the discussion was still going on, Mr. Zhang came in.
當討論還在進行的時候，張先生進來了。
9.原因狀語從句
because, as, since, 用來引導原因狀語從句。for雖然也是表示原因，但是它不是從屬連詞，而是並列連詞。
because 表示最強的因果關係，表達聽話者未知的原因，because引導的從句通常放在後面，表示強調時也可放在前面。because引導的從句可以用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
He got the job because he was the best candidate.
他得到那份工作，因為他是最佳人選。
“Why can’t I go?”“Because you are too young.”
為什麼我不能去？因為你年紀太小。
as 所表示的原因通常是聽話者已經知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
As all the seats were full, he stood up. 由於所有的座位都滿了，他只好站著。
Perhaps she’ll need some help, especially as she’s been ill.
她可能需要幫助，尤其是因為她一直有病。
since所表示的原因通常也是聽話者已經知道的。同樣since也不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。
Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要去，我也去吧。
for 從語法分析的角度來說，它不是引導狀語從句，而是構成一個並列句。 for 通常用於書面語，它通常不表示因果關係，而是對前面的分句進行補充說明。for-分句通常放在句末，for 之前有逗號。
He laughed little, for he was a sad man. 他很少發笑，因為他是個多愁的人。
She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears.
她顯然心煩意亂，因為她眼眶裡飽含淚水。
10.地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句通常由where，wherever引導。
Where he made mistakes, he admitted these willingly.
他在什麼地方做錯了事，他都樂於承認這些錯誤。
Put it where we can see it. 把它放在我們能看得見的地方。
Let’s go wherever this path will take us.
我們就順著這條小路走，走到哪兒就算哪兒。
英語語法—從句—定語從句
1.定語從句在句子中作定語，用來修飾一個名詞、名詞片語或者代詞
2.先行詞和引導詞
被修飾的名詞、名詞片語或代詞叫做先行詞；在先行詞和定語從句之間起連線作用的詞叫做引導詞。引導詞語可分為“關係代詞”和“關係副詞”。
3.關係代詞和關係副詞
關係代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。關係副詞有：when, where, why。
<注意：關係副詞裡面沒有how。如果要修飾方式，用that或in which引導，或者不用引導詞。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜歡他看我的那個樣子。
4.關係代詞：who
關係動詞who在從句中主要作為主語，在非正式語體裡who還可以作從句中的賓語。
He is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要見你的那個人。（who在句中作為主語）
Succeed will come to him who is honest and diligent. 成功將歸於誠實而勤奮的人。
5.關係代詞：whom
He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday.
他就是我昨天在公園裡見到的那個人。（whom在從句中作賓語）
作賓語用的引導詞可以省略，因此上面的句子可以改寫如下：He is the man I saw in the park yesterday.
6.關係代詞：whose用來指人或物（只能用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了，他們跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
7.關係代詞：which（1）
which指物，在從句中作為主語或賓語，作賓語時在非正式語體中可以省略。
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.
他們需要一種不像水稻那麼需要水的作物。（主語）
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.
我們昨天參觀的農場位於北京郊區。（作賓語，可省略。）
8.關係代詞：which（2）
當在which和that面前進行選擇的情況下，一下情況要選which：
1）.在非限制性定語從句中通常用which作引導詞，而不能用that做非限制性定語從句的引導詞。
2）. 修飾整個主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
從那以後我再也沒有見到朱莉葉，真是遺憾。
3）. 修飾謂語部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 他會在河裡游泳，那正是我不會的。
4）. 介詞 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers. 那些問題都是無頭公案。
9.關係代詞：that（1）
that多用來指物，有時也可以用來指人；在從句中作主語或賓語。
指物的時候多用that，也可用which。
It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.
這是一個需要仔細考慮的問題。（指物，作為主語。）
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
樹下那個在看雜誌的那個人是誰？（指人，作為主語。）
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
我們昨天看到的那個女孩是湯姆的妹妹。（指人，作賓語，可省略。）
10.關係代詞：that（2）
在以下的情況中，只能用that作引導詞，而不能用which作引導詞。
1）. 先行詞為all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代詞時。
All that she lacked was training. 她所缺少的是訓練。
everything等為先行詞時，引導詞可以省略。
Have you everything you need? 你要的東西都有了嗎？
Is there anything I can do for you? 有什麼事要我做嗎？
All you have to do is to press the button. 你所要做的就是按一下電鈕。
2）. 先行詞被形容詞最高階修飾時
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的電影中最好的一部。
3）. 先行詞被序數詞和the last修飾時
4）. 先行詞中既有人又有物時
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
他們談論他們參觀過的那些學校和老師們。
5）. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑問句，為了避免重複時
英語語法—從句—表語從句
1.在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句。表語從句的引導詞和主語從句的引導詞相同。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room.
警察想知道的是你什麼時候進的房間。
The trouble is that we are short of funds. 困難是我們缺乏資金。
That's why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。
His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet.
他的第一個問題是史密斯先生到了沒有。
as if, as though, because也可用來引導表語從句。
She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她看起來好像做了一件大事。
It is because you eat too much. 那是因為你吃得太多了。
2.虛擬語氣：表語從句
主語是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞時, 作表語從句的動詞為原形動詞或should+原形動詞。
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建議是我們應該去幫助他。
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.
我們唯一的請求就是儘快解決這個問題。
英語語法—從句—賓語從句
1.在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的引導詞和主語從句的引導詞相同。賓語從句可以作及物動詞的賓語，作短語動詞的賓語，介詞的賓語。
2.賓語從句：短語動詞
Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 請去弄清楚火車什麼時候到。
His teacher pointed out that Tom hadn't studied hard enough.
老師指出湯姆學習不夠努力。
That depends on how you do it. 那得看你怎麼做的。
3.賓語從句：及物動詞
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. 誰都知道錢不是長在樹上。
Have you decided where you will go for a holiday? 你有沒有決定到什麼地方去度假？
4.賓語從句：介詞的賓語
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我對他們下一步打算做什麼很感興趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
這對雙胞胎姐妹的區別，僅僅在於其中一個比另一個稍胖一點。
I am interested in what she is doing. 我對她做的事感興趣。
5.賓語從句：否定的轉移
有些表示思想和感情的動詞之後的賓語從句中的否定式可以注意到這些動詞之前。
I don't suppose you're used to this diet. = I suppose you aren't used to this diet.
我想你不習慣這種飲食。
I didn't expect she would pass the entrance examination. = I expected she wouldn't pass the entrance examination. 我以為她不能通過入學考試。
6.虛擬語氣：賓語從句
一些含有假設、猜想、建議等意思的動詞後面的賓語從句要用should+原形動詞結構,should往往可以省略。這類動詞有: advice, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。
I suggested that he study harder. 我建議他用功一些。（這一題要特別注意：為什麼study用原形。）
I insisted that he (should) go. 我強調他應當去。
7.賓語從句的省略
引導賓語從句的that之後接的從句不長時，可以省略。如果that後面的賓語從句較長時，that不能省略。
I hope (that) you'll be fine soon. 我希望你儘快康復。
英語語法—從句—主語從句
1.以what等連線代詞引導的主語從句
What you need is more practice. 你需要的是更多的練習。
Whoever wants it may have it. 誰要都可以給他。
同類的連線代詞還有：What, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
2.以that, whether從屬連詞引導的主語從句
It was strange that he had made a mistake. 真奇怪，他竟然錯了。
That we need more equipment is quite obvious. 我們需要更多的裝置，這是很明顯的。
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.
他是否加入我們，沒有太大的差別。
3.主語從句的引導詞that什麼時候可以省略
當主語從句不太長時，引導詞“that”可以省略
It's clear (that) he has done his best. 很明顯他已經盡力而為了。
It's a wonder (that) he didn't fail. 真奇怪，他沒有失敗。
4.以when等連線副詞引導的主語從句
When they will come hasn't been made public. 他們什麼時候來還沒有公佈。
Where she has gone is not known yet. 她去了哪兒，還不知道。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever. 為什麼他做那件事將永遠是個謎團。
5.虛擬語氣：主語從句
形容詞為necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential時，在“It + be + 形容詞或過去分詞 + 主語從句”中，主語從句要虛擬。
It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once.
立刻討論這個問題很有必要。
It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 太奇怪了，他有那麼多的朋友。
6.主語從句與強調句的區別
注意事項：
1). 在主語從句中，把It was … that去掉之後，就已經完全不像一個句子了。
2). 在強調句中，把It was … that去掉之後，還基本上像個句子。
3). 主語從句有以下的引導詞：what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
4). 強調句的引導詞只有：that, who。
主語從句：
It was strange that he had made a mistake. 如果把，It was … that 去掉以後，剩下strange he had made a mistake.就不算是句子了。
It is immaterial where or when he goes. 他去何處或者何時去是無關緊要的。
<<It is said that…, 和It is reported that…這樣的結構，後面接的是主語從句：
It is said that he’s got married. 聽說他已經結婚了。
強調句：
It was she that had been wrong. 錯的是她。（強調主語）如果把，It was … that 去掉以後，剩下she had been wrong.還勉強算的上是一個句子。
It was this novel that they talked about last night. 他們昨晚談論的是這部小說。（強調賓語）
It was in London that I first saw her. 我是在倫敦第一次見到她的。（強調地點狀語）
