同位語從句
1. 在複合句中用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句(appositive clause)。同位語從句的形式與定語從句相似。兩者之前都有先行詞，但是與先行詞的關係不同：同位語從句與先行詞同位或者等同，定語從句則與先行詞是修飾關係。同位語從句的先行詞多為news, fact, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關聯詞多用連詞that。如：
The assumption that robots will make humans redundant and replaceable is groundless.認為機器人將令人類變得多餘和可取代的假設是站不住腳的。
We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men.我們不應該忽略這一事實和男性相比更少的.女性申請上級職位。
2. 關聯詞that在非正式文體中可以被省去。如：
He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the London plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往倫敦的飛機了。(同位語從句he was boarding省去了關聯詞that)
3. 同位語從句偶爾用關聯詞whether引導。如：
He was tortured by the doubt whether or not he should venture to go south.他為他是否可以冒險去南方這種疑慮所折磨。
4. 疑問代詞who, which, what和疑問副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導同位語從句。如：
The question who should be responsible for this requires consideration.誰該為此負責，這個問題需要考慮。
We should settle the question where we should dispose of the waste immediately.我們需要馬上解決在哪裡處理那些垃圾的問題。
It is a question how it has been achieved.那是一個它如何被實現了的問題。
5. 同位語從句一般緊跟在其先行詞之後，但有時也可以與先行詞分開，置於句末。如：
The suggestion came from the public that the new policy should be implemented.實施新政策的建議是公眾提出來的。
在雅思閱讀考試的文章中，這些名詞性從句是和其他從句，如狀語從句和定語從句等結合使用的，下面專家給考生們介紹一下在雅思閱讀文章中這些名詞性從句的使用。
1. The problem of how health-care resources should e allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way is not a new one.
分析：how health-care resources should e allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way為句子中介詞of的賓語。而so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way為介詞賓語中so that引導的目的狀語從句。
2. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle.
分析：that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle為that引導的主語從句，it now seems中的it為形式主語;that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War為that引導的定語從句，其先行詞為the national health systems;that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle為that引導的主語從句，it為形式主語。
3. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.
分析：as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in為as引導的定語從句，其先行詞為the same time;that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life為that引導的同位語從句，其先行詞為an awareness of a contrary kind.
4. Although the language of right sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care).
分析：Although the language of right sometimes leads to confusion為although引導的讓步狀語從句;that people have a right to health-care為that引導的主語從句，it為形式主語;though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care為though引導的讓步狀語從句;that there is a formal right to health-care為that引導的同位語從句，其先行詞為the idea。
5. It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.
分析：that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.為that引導的主語從句，It為其形式主語;that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse為that引導的賓語從句，作ensure的賓語。
6. One would assume that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association.
分析：that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined為that引導的賓語從句，作assume的賓語;that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association為that引導的主語從句，it為其形式主語;that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association為that引導的表語從句，作be的表語。
