part 1 translation from english into chinese 2 hours
read the following two passages.
translate them into chinese.
write you answers on this paper.
you may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.
passage 1
artificial speech
because speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. the primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. you will simply talk to it. the device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in.
just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. but soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those it-based services you currently connect with over the internet by means of a keyboard. this will help the internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks.
changes like this will encompass the whole world. because english is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.
within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. we’re not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.
there are those in the it community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. personally, i believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. but it’s true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods we’re developing now.
small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. most economies have both types of markets. but the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies.
developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. so, compared with farmers in canada, poor farmers in bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities.
what limits market opportunities? the transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. and barriers to entry for new participants. what increases them? institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency.
1. And everywhere in his neighborhood in Serekunda, Gambia’s largest city, there was talk of easy money to be made in Europe.
然而，在甘比亞最大的城市塞萊昆達他所居住的地方，人們到處都在談論著“歐洲賺錢容易”這個話題。
點評：
該句的重點在於詞性的轉換譯法：關鍵詞---talk
如果將該詞譯成漢語的名詞，一是聽起來很蹩腳，不符合漢英行文的習慣，二是不符合英譯漢技法的要求。這一點在我們講授英譯漢部分時曾經重點談到一個例句：
The woman’s extramarital affairs with her boss soon became talk of the town.
這個女人與其老闆的關係很快傳遍全城。或，大街小巷都在談論著這個女人與其老闆的風流韻事。
2. Most of them have stories that echo Mr. Jallow’s.
他們中的大多數都有著與傑羅先生相似的經歷。
點評：
該句中定語從句的動詞“echo”是關鍵詞。原意為“回聲”“迴響”，但在本句中要在上下文的語義基礎上引申為“與。。。相似”的含義。我們在授課過程中曾講過，英語國家的寫作思路是：首尾呼應法，即：The first paragraph echoes the last paragraph.
3. “There is everything in there,” said Diego Ca?amero, the leader of the farm workers’ union in Andalusia, which tries to advocate for the men.
“那裡要什麼有什麼,”安達盧西亞農場工人工會的領袖迭戈·卡納梅洛說,該組織努力在為這些人爭取生活的權利，
點評：
該句中的“advocate”原意為“擁護”“倡議”，但在此句中應該根據前文正確理解為“為。。。爭取權利”。 我們曾講過這樣一個例句：We must advocate for the poor and powerless.我們必須為那些貧窮以及無權無勢的人爭取權利。
4. Now he shakes his head toward his neighbors, who will not talk to reporters.
此時，他朝他的鄰居們搖了搖頭，他並不想與記者交談。
點評：
這句話中的定語從句是非限定性的，它的功能是修飾前邊句子中的'主語“he”，而不是“his neighbors”。我們在英譯漢分句譯法中給了大量的例句重點講解定於從句的譯法。當時我們曾講到很多類似的例句，如：The woman has two sons who are working in the United States. The woman has two sons, who are working in the United States.這兩句乍一看，似乎完全相同，但仔細推敲，你會發現：第一個句子是限定性定語從句，第二個句子是非限定性定語從句。第一句應譯為：這名婦女有兩個在美國工作的兒子。(言外之意，他可能還有其他子女)，第二句應譯為：這名婦女有兩個兒子，都在美國工作。(只有兩個兒子)。非限定性定語從句的作用可以修飾前邊句子中的某一個名詞或代詞，也可能修飾靠它很近的名詞，一切取決於上下文的含義。
5. But Mr. Ca?amero says they are offered only the least desirable work, like handling pesticides, and little of it at that.
但卡納梅洛說，那裡的人只給他們提供人家最不願意乾的工作,如處理殺蟲劑,而且也只是一點點活兒而已。大多數人沒有工作簽證。
點評：
該句中一個可能不被考生注意的環節就是“at that”這個短語。它在句子中的位置一般是句尾，但語氣較弱。我們授課時給學員提供了多種並列及轉折的連詞用法，其中包括：and, besides, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, additionally, in addition, …at that等。
