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Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate” against the blues, scientists atthe University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking mayactually 1 depressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived2benefits ofsmoking among teens," says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the OntarioTobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. " 3 cigarettes may appear to haveself-medicating4or to improve mood, in the long term we found that teens who started tosmoke reported higher depressive symptoms."
As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires5theiruse of cigarettes to affect mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French andEnglish participants, urban and rural schools, and schools 6 in high, moderate and lowsocio-economic neighbourhoods.
Participants were divided into three7: never smokers: smokers who did not use cigarettesto self-medicate, improve mood or physical8 ; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate.
Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things: had9going to sleep or staying 10; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about thefuture; felt vexed, antsy or tense; and worried too much about things.
"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood 11 had higher risks of elevated depressivesymptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin, a professorat the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. "Our study foundthat teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of12depressive symptoms."
The 13 between depression and smoking exists 14among teens that use cigarettesto feel better. "It's 15 to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher amongteenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says ton.
1. A. examine
B. increase
C. decrease
D. diagnose
2. A. social
B. financial
C. emotional
D. political
3. A. Whatever
B. Although
C. Whenever
D. what
4. A. effects
B. methods
C. steps
D. directions
5. A. beside
B. beyond
C. in
D. about
6. A. exposed
B. expanded
C. located
D. detected
7. A. groups
B. sets
C. species
D. versions
8. A. world
B. activity
C. state
D. beauty
9. A. time
B. courage
C. energy
D. trouble
10. A. asleep
B. awake
C. still
D. silent
11. A. reducers
B. improvers
C. creators
D. removers
12. A. changing
B. identifying
C. developing
D. overcoming
13. A. difference
B. association
C. cooperation
D. agreement
14. A. occasionally
B. scarcely
C. probably
D. principally
15. A. illogical
B. unscientific
C. meaningless
D. important
答案與解析：
1.B。本文重點介紹借抽煙緩解抑鬱情緒的青少年到後來他們的depressive symptoms(抑鬱症狀)反而加重了。第二、五、六段都明確提到了這一點。所以B(increase)是答案。其他三個選項的詞義與上下文不符。
2.C。抽菸緩解抑鬱是一種情緒上(emotional)的得益，不會是social(社會上的)、financial(經濟上的)或political(政治上的)得益。所以答案是C。
3.B。空格所在的句子雖然缺詞，但意思還是清楚的，前半句的意思與後半句的意思是相反的。前半句說香菸看上去有助於改善心情，後半句說從長遠角度看，depressive symptoms的風險反而會增加。四個選項中只有選項B的although能將前半句和後半句連線起來，並有“讓步”的`意思。
4.A。句中的or是“即”的意思，也就是說，to have self-medicating加上填入的詞後的意思相當於to improve mood。四個選項中只有選項A的effects(效果)是填入空格的最合適的詞。to improve mood是自我治療的效果。其他三個選項methods，steps，directions與self-medicating連用，意思分別為“自我治療的方法”“自我治療的步驟”“自我治療的指導”，均與句子的意思不符。
5.D。本題要填入的詞是介詞。通過分析可知，their use of cigarettes to affect mood應該是questionnaire(問卷)所要了解的內容。所以，about是正確的選項。
6.C。科學家在選擇問卷物件時注意了代表性，入選的青少年既有講法語的，也有講英語的，他們就讀的學校有城市的，也有農村的。接下來的問題是：在schools，in high和moderate and low socio mic neighbourhoods(高檔社群、中檔社群，低檔社群)之間選哪個詞才符合上下文的意思呢?很明顯，這些學校有位於高檔社群的，也有位於中檔和低檔社群的。所以located是答案。
7.A。本句的意思很明顯，問卷的參與者被分成三組或三類。groups是正確的選擇。再看其他三個選項：three sets意為“三套”，three species意為“三個物種”，three versions意為“三個版本”，沒有一個是合適的。
8.C。科學家將參與者分成三組，其中一組的參與者不採用吸菸作為自我調節情緒的手段。填入的詞應與情緒、身體等有關。若選A、B、D三項，組成的片語分別是physical world(物質世界)、physical activity(體育活動)、physical beauty(形態美)，均與上文的意思銜接不上，所以A、B、D不會是答案。由C項state組成的片語physical state(身體狀況)與上文的意思連貫。因此C是答案。
9.D。本段介紹了問卷包含的問題。作者羅列的問題都是負面的，如乏力、失眠、煩躁等。所以填入空格的詞也應該是負面的。trouble符合這個要求，是本題的答案。
10.A。第9題選了trouble，空格所在的句子是“…had trouble going to sleep or staying”。or是“即”的意思，也就是說，had trouble going to sleep意思上就相當於“staying”。根據這一判斷，填入空格的詞非awake莫屬。
11.B。第一段和第二段都說到，抽菸緩解抑鬱心情最終導致更抑鬱。本句“Smokers who used cigarettes as mood had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked”表達的是同樣的意思。文章第二段和第三段都出現improve mood，所以，mood後面要填入的詞應該是improvers，即選項B。而A、C、D的意義均不符合上下文。
12.C。本句又重複了上題所表達的意思。只有developing的意義才符合上下文，因此C是答案。
13.B。從上下文判斷，本句指的是depression和smoking之間的聯絡，不會是它們之間的差異(difference)、合作(cooperation)或一致性(agreement)。association的詞義是“聯絡”，所以是答案。
14.D。調查的物件是青少年，所以不可能是occasionally(偶爾)、scarcely(幾乎不)或probably(很可能)在青少年之中，而是principally(主要)在青少年之中。
1 5.D。從通篇文章判斷，“to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke”是做這項調查的發現和結論，作者說出這一點，只會認為很重要(important)，不會認為不合乎邏輯(illogical)、不科學(unscientific)或沒有意義(meaningless)。所以，important是答案。
