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一、表語從句
1. 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。
2. 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3. 引導表語從句的關聯詞的種類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來天要下雨了。
(3)連線代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連線副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓乾的。
解釋：
1. 連詞because可引導表語從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因為你做得太多。
2. 在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞後面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發。
二、主語從句
1 定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。
2. 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3. 引導主語從句的關聯詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。
(2) 從屬連詞whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否會來這裡還不清楚。
(3) 連線代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連線副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她幹了什麼尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發生的，誰也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都歡迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解釋：
1. 主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞片語(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that從句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據說格林先生已經到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據報道中國又成功地發射了一顆人造地球衛星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連線代詞或連線副詞引起的主語從句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪裡開會毫無區別。
F. 當that引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下週那位科學家將給我們作報告是真的嗎?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎?
G. 當主語從句出現在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這麼安靜真奇怪!
2.注意連線代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導主語從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當中不論哪個進來將會得到獎勵
三、賓語從句
1. 定義：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
2. 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3. 引導賓語從句的關聯詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對我們說他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經回來了。
注： that在引導賓語從句時也並不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連線兩個賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的後面時，that不能省略。)大家都會看出所發生的事情並知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略。)對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。
he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that從句位於句首時，that不可省略。)
我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。)
鑑於他的特殊情況，我們決定應允他一段試用期。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連線代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連線副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什麼人?他是幹什麼的?馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什麼事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什麼要你來。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介詞賓語從句
賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對那天發生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什麼。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決於你做什麼和怎樣做。
有時介詞可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋：
1.如果賓語從句後還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句後置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會屈服。
2.作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except, but, in後。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個好學生，只是有點粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你的。
介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內疚嗎?
3.某些形容詞或過去分詞後常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什麼。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
恐怕你沒領會我說的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。
4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句
if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應避免使用if而用wheter。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲”。
5.賓語從句的否定轉移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞後的賓語從句，有時謂語儘管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變為否定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right. 我認為你錯了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎?
6. 賓語從句的時態變化規律：
(1) 當主句是一般現在時態時，從句可根據需要用任何時態。
(2) 當主句是一般過去時態時，從句只能使用過去範圍內的任何時態。但客觀真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說地球繞著太陽執行。
