1. 動詞的時態和語態
1．1 動詞的時態和語態一覽表
時態語態 一般現在時 一般過去時 一般將來時
主動被動 doare done didwere done will dowill be done
現在進行時 過去進行時 將來進行時
主動被動 are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing
現在完成時 過去完成時 將來完成時
主動 被動 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done
現在完成進行時
主動 被動 have been doing
1.2 動詞主要時態的意義及運用
1) 現在完成時，過去完成時和將來完成時
英語提示語：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
漢語提示語：已經，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 現在完成進行時
從過去一直持續到現在，沒有間斷。
漢語提示語：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 過去完成時
a) said, reported, thought 等引導的間接引語中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的`條件狀語從句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
歷年考題中的動詞時態和語態
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.
Key:
1. comes 一般現在時，主語為不可數名詞，謂語用單數
2. has expanded 現在完成時
3. has been 現在完成時
4. Standing 過去進行時的倒裝形式
5. began 一般過去時
6. makes 一般現在時，動名詞做主語，謂語用單數
7. has been living 現在完成進行時
8. had been sent 過去完成時的被動形式
9. witnessed 一般過去時
10. were driven 一般過去時的被動
