動詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動詞的一種，它具有動詞的一些特點，同時也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能，在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等。
一、動詞的-ed形式的特徵
(一)動詞的-ed形式是由動詞的過去分詞構成
動詞的-ed形式只有一種形式，即傳統語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分的動詞的-ed形式由動詞原形加-ed構成，也有一些動詞的-ed形式是不規則的。
1、規則動詞的-ed形式
limit→limited(限制)
pretend→pretended(假裝)
escape→escaped(逃脫)
provide→provided(提供)
refer→referred(提交)
drag→dragged(拖)
pray→prayed(祈禱)
supply→supplied(供應)
2、不規則動詞的-ed形式
cast→cast(投擲)
spread→spread(傳播)
bite→bitten(咬)
forgive→forgiven(原諒)
spit→spat( 吐)
wear→worn(穿)
fight→fought(搏鬥)
lose→lost(丟失)
3、少數動詞的-ed形式作定語時，讀音與一般過去分詞不同
learned：a learned professor 一位知識淵博的教授
aged：an aged man 老人
beloved：his beloved computer 他心愛的計算機
(二)動詞的-ed形式的否定形式
動詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加動詞的-ed形式構成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.
不允許他進去，他只好在外面等著。
(三)動詞的-ed形式的特徵
動詞的-ed形式有被動的意思，有時也可表示完成的動作。
1、動詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動作。
除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外，動詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時也帶有被動的意義。
Bornand brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由於在農村出生並長大，他對生物很感興趣。
2、及物動詞的-ed形式一般表示被動的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的時間，我就能猜出那個謎語。(句子的主語I 和動詞give之間是被動關係。)
3、不及物動詞的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，並不帶有被動的含義。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 (= a prisoner who hasescaped)
二、動詞的-ed形式的用法
動詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語、表語、狀語和補語。
(一)動詞的-ed形式作表語
1、-ed形式在連繫動詞後作表語，說明主語的狀態。
The students are fully prepared.
學生們已做好了充分的準備。
【比較】要把-ed形式作表語和被動語態區別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態，被動語態中的-ed形式表示被動動作。
All the doors are locked.
所有的門都是鎖著的。(-ed形式作表語，表示狀態)
All the doors were locked by the guard.
所有的門都被衛兵鎖上了。(被動語態，表示動作)
Peter the Great is buried here.
彼得大帝就埋葬在這裡。(-ed形式作表語，表示狀態
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝於1725年被埋葬在這裡。(被動語態，表示動作)
(二)同一動詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時的區別
動詞的-ed形式作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態，含有被動的意思，而-ing形式作表語多表示主語具有的特徵，含有主動的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frighteningsound.
他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all thepeople present were moved.
看到這麼動人的情景，所有在場的人都感動了。
【提示】上述動詞的-ed形式，有的(如pleased,tired, excited, disappointed等)已經變成形容詞，可以被very, too等副詞修飾。有的(如amused, puzzled, relaxed等)還不能被very, too修飾，只能被much修飾。
These problems are very puzzling.
這些問題很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure toreply.
他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.
他的演講非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.
在場的所有人都被感動得流淚了。
(三)動詞的-ed形式作賓語補足語
當作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關係時，一般應用動詞的-ed形式作賓語的補足語。
1、在感覺動詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find後作賓語補足語。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我們發現所有的河流都被嚴重汙染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.
昨天我在商店裡注意到一個小女孩偷東西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.
他感覺到衣領被人從後面拉了一下。
2、在使役動詞get, have, make, leave, keep等後作賓語補足語。
(1)動詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盤子洗了，然後就來。
【比較】動詞get後也可接動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語，和賓語是主動關係。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎?
(2)動詞的-ed形式作make的賓語補足語。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
You should make your views known to thepublic.
你應該讓公眾知道你的觀點。
【注意】動詞make後的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞的-ed形式，但不可用動詞的-ing形式。
(誤)Can you make the students understanding the text?
(正)Can you make the students understand thetext?
(正)Can you make the text understood by the students?
你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎?
(3)動詞的-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語補足語。
They all went home, leaving all the workundone.
所有的工作都沒完成，他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 偵探和他的.助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間裡。
3、動詞的-ed形式也可用在with(without)結構中，作介詞的賓語補足語。
With everything well arranged, he left theoffice.
一切都安排妥善之後，他離開了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已經回來了，揹包裡塞滿了有趣的圖書。
Without any grain left in the house, thelittle girl had to go begging.
家裡沒有糧食，小女孩只好出去討飯。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再給我們任何時間的話，我們三星期之內完成不了任務。
4、某些動詞後(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作賓語補足語。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望這事立即得到解決。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.
我情願讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.
我們需要這項工作週六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
農民們不想讓好好的農田被用來建造房子。
(四)動詞的-ed形式作定語
動詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和後置兩類。
1、前置定語
單個的動詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。
A watched pot never boils.
心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達的時候，每人被髮給了一份印製好的試卷。
【提示】如要表示強調，單個動詞-ed形式也可作後置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2、後置定語
作後置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當於一個定語從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。
(= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。
(= who had been invitedto the reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學生出席了。
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.
一個律師裝扮的女人走了進來，並作為法官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3、動詞的-ed形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區別
動詞的-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成或和被動，而-ing形式作定語表示動作正在進行或和主動。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
boiled water 開水
boiling water 正沸騰的水
developed countries 發達國家
developing countries 發展中國家
fallen leaves 落葉
falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition 改變了的情況
changing condition 變化著的情況
(五)動詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等
1、表示時間
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示時間，相當於一個時間狀語從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looksbeautiful.
從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see thelibrary.
帶我們參觀了實驗室之後，又帶我們參觀了圖書館。
(= After we had been shown the lab...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
經過醫生徹底檢查以後，他立刻回到了學校。
(= After he was completely examined...)
【提示】有時動詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。
When asked why she was late for class again,she hung her head in shame.
當被問到為什麼上課又遲到時，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once recovered, he went all out to do hiswork.
一恢復健康，他就全力以赴地幹起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發條，它就會走半個月，並且走得很準。
2、表示原因
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當於一個原因狀語從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the childrencouldn't help crying.
孩子們被英雄事蹟感動，情不自禁地哭了起來。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard toread.
因為寫得快，她的信很難閱讀。(=As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我們因為新發現而激動萬分，決定出去慶祝一下。
(Because we were excited by...)
【注意】為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當的連詞。
Even if invited,I won'tgo.
即使受到邀請，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart.
雖然被對手打敗，便他們並沒有喪失信心。
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀請，不然他不會回到公司來的。
3、表示條件
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當於一個條件狀語從句。
Heated, water changes into steam.
加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。
(= If water isheated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多給一些時間，他會幹得更出色。
(= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
與其他教授相比，她是一個優秀的演說家。
4、表示讓步
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當於一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
儘管已經跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續追趕著那個強盜。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
儘管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder.
儘管一天被盤問了多次，安德魯仍然對那件謀殺案保持沉默。
【提示】有時動詞的-ed形式作狀語和動詞的-ing形式的被動式作狀語，並沒有多大的區別，可以互換。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然發熱不能來上學。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside,he found it hard to get used to town life. 因為是在農村長大的，他感到很難適應城市生活。
5、表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明。
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明時，通常位於句子的後面，相當於一個並列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
老師站在那兒，被學生圍住了。
(= and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
他走進辦公室，後面跟著一些孩子。
(= and he was followed by some children)
They turned around and stood in the middle ofthe room, completely astonished.
他們轉過身來，站在房間中央，完全驚呆了。
She accepted the gift, deeply moved.
她接受了禮物，深深地感動了。
【注意】動詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語或賓語。
(誤)Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
(正)To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
被邀請出席國宴是極大的榮耀。
(誤)I cannot stand laughed at.
(正)I cannot stand being laughed at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
三、動詞的-ed形式的邏輯主語
(一)動詞的-ed形式在句中作狀語和表語時，它的邏輯主語一般來說就是句子的主語，-ed形式和主語之間是被動關係
Locked up, he had no way to escape.
他被鎖了起來，沒有辦法逃跑了。
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the carin front of him.
他陷入了沉思，幾乎撞到了前面的汽車。
She became discouraged at the news.
聽到這個訊息，她洩氣了。
Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked.
儘管已經是上午10點了，商店的門仍然鎖著。
(二)當動詞的-ed形式在句中作定語時，它的邏輯主語是被它修飾的名詞，它和名詞之間是被動關係
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
第一批編寫出來作為英語教材的課本是16世紀出版的。
The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
去年開辦的計算機中心深受這所學校的學生喜愛。
A lighted candle lit up the cellar.
一支點燃的蠟燭照亮了地下室。
(三)當動詞的-ed形式在句中作賓語補語或主語補語時，它的邏輯主語是句子的主語或賓語，它們之間的關係是被動關係
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.
薇薇恩把手指卡在自行車鏈條裡了。
(trapped的邏輯主語是句子的賓語fingers)
The valuable vase was found stolen.
那個珍貴的花瓶發現被盜了。
(stolen的邏輯主語是句子的主語vase)
We got home only to find the whole houseturned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in.
我們回到家發現整幢房子被翻得亂七八糟, 很明顯小偷闖進來了。
(四)動詞的-ed形式有時可有其獨立的邏輯主語，常用作狀語(詳見“第八章 獨立主格結構”)
Everything done, we went home.
一切事情都做完了，我們就回家了。
All our money run out, Henry had to find another job.
錢都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上，頭枕著雙手。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
考慮到所有的情況，原來計劃好的旅行不得不取消。
(五)動詞的-ed形式作獨立成分
動詞的-ed形式的一些固定片語也可在句中作獨立成分，不受邏輯主語的限制。
Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said.
坦白地說，我不同意他所說的。
Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
考慮到他一般的身體狀況，手術後的恢復可能需要一段時間。
