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第4部分：閱讀理解(第31——45題，每題3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文後有5道題。每道題後面有4個選項，請仔細閱讀短文並根據短文內容回答其後面的問題，從4個選項中選擇l個最佳答案塗在答題卡相應的位置上。
第一篇"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common
Cryptic species animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant--may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.
Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat, in Frankfurt, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.
Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. "Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered," says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist."It could be as high as 30%," Pfenninger says.
"I'm extremely surprised by their results," says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing."
Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.
Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU).
The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences.
In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with," Pfenninger says.
Much previous research is now no longer used, he says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.
31. Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?
A. The results of the research can help the development of many other research areas.
B. The restllts of the research can help the development of biodiversity estimates.
C. The results of the research can help our understanding of infectious disease evolution.
D. The results of the research can help our understanding of"survival of the fittest".
32. What was scientists' understanding of cryptic species?
A. They occurred in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.
B. They were mostly found in insects find reptiles.
C. They were likely to be in tropical rather than temperate regions.
D. Both B and C.
33. Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?
A. Not yet.
B. Yes, they do.
C. They will know the answer in another one or two years.
D. They will never know the answer.
34. Which of the following about the African bush elephant and the African elephant is true?
A. The WCU are interbreeding those elephants.
B. They are interbreeding species.
C. They are two genetically distant species.
D. They depend on each other for survival.
35. People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early use scientists
A. identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.
B. thought only three mosquito species transmitted disease.
C. thought there was only one mosquito species.
D. did not know what species was being studied.
第二篇Star Quality
A new anti-cheating system for counting the judges' scores in ice skating is flawed, according to leading sports specialists. Ice skating's governing body announced the new rules last week after concerns that a judge at the Winter Olympics may have been unfairly influenced.
Initially the judges in the pairs figure-skating event at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City voted 5 to 4 to give the gold medal to a Russian pair, even though they had a fall during their routine. But the International Skating Union suspended the French judge for failing to reveal that she had been put under pressure to vote for the Russians. The International Olympics Committee then decided to give a second gold to the Canadian runners-up ( 亞軍).
The ISU, skating's governing body, now says it intends to change the rules. In future 14 judges will judge each event, but only 7 of their scores-selected at random-will count.
The ISU won't finally approve the new system until it meets in June but already UK Sport, the British Government's sports body, has expressed reservations. "I remain to be convinced that the random selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for," says Jerry Bingham, UK Sport's head of ethics (倫理).
A random system can still be manipulated, says Mark Dixon, a specialist on sports statistics from the Royal Statistical Society in London. "The score of one or two judges who have been nobbled(受理賄賂) may still be in the seven selected."
Many other sports that have judges, including diving, gymnastics, and synchronized swimming, have a system that discards the highest and lowest scores. If a judge was under pressure to favour a particular team, they would tend to give it very high scores and mark down the opposition team, so their scores wouldn't count. It works for diving, says Jeff Cook, a member of the international government body's technical committee. "If you remove those at the top and bottom you're left with those in the middle, so you're getting a reasonable average."
Since the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, diving has tightened up in its system still further. Two separate panels of judges score different rounds of diving during top competitions. Neither panel knows the scores given by the other. "We have done this to head off any suggestion of bias," says Cook.
Bingham urged the ISU to consider other options. "This should involve examining the way in which other sports deal with the problem of adjudicating (裁定) on matter of style and presentation," he says.
36. Who won the gold medal in the pairs figure-skating event?
A. The Russian pair.
B. The Canadian pair.
C. Both the Russian pair and the Canadian pair.
D. The French pair.
37. According to the new rules proposed by the ISU, which of the following is right?
A. The number of judges will be doubled.
B. Only half of the judges will score.
C. Only some selected judges will score.
D. Only half of the scores will count.
38. What does Jerry Bingham express by saying "I remain to be convinced"?
A. His anger.
B. His criticism.
C. His agreement.
D. His doubt.
39. The attitude of those concerned in the UK to the new rules proposed by ISU can be best described as_______.
A. indifferent.
B. reserved.
C. enthusiastic.
D. positive.
40. Which of the following is NOT true of the scoring system for diving?
A. It is more biased.
B. It is more reasonable.
C. It is fairer.
D. It is tighter.
第三篇Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer
Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.
Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan (壽命) of mice by 18 percent by blocking the rodent's (齧齒動物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness--and hot necessarily diet--promotes long life in "calerie (熱量卡) restricted" animals.
"It's very cool work," says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California,San Francisco. "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It's like heaven."
Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a. strict diet.
But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.
To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰島素) receptor (受體) gene in lab mice- but only in their fat cells. "Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat," explains Kahn.
This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age,Kahn's modified mice had up to 70 percent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 percent more food per gram of body weight.
In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.
That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial," says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging.
But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. "It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life,"he points out, "and that would be very interesting."
41. Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by________.
A. offering them less food.
B. giving them a balanced diet.
C. disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells.
D. preventing them growing larger.
42. According to the passage, we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because______.
A. humans, worms and rodents are different.
B. most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet.
C. the effect is not known.
D. genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans.
43. What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?
A. People like to lose weight, but they do not like to eat less.
B. People want to go to heaven, but they do not want to die.
C. Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight.
D. Mice enjoy losing weight.
44. The average modified mouse lived
A. 3 years.
B. 753 days.
C. More than 3 years.
D. 887 days.
45. What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life?
A. It remains to be studied.
B. It has already been discovered.
C. Eating more leads to long life.
D. Eating less leads to long life.
第4部分：閱讀理解
第一篇
31.D。細節題。題幹：下列有關cryptic species研究的意義不正確的是哪一項?利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到短文的第一段第二句，大意是研究結果為廣泛的研究領域提供啟示，包括生物多樣性研究，還能幫助我們理解傳染性疾病及其演變。所以，選項A、B和C都是正確的，它們不是答案。選項D的“適者生存”的內容文章中沒有提及，因此為本題的答案。
32.D。細節題。科學家是如何理解cryptic species的?利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到短文的第二段第二句，描述的是科學家目前的研究結果，第三段描述的.是科學家在這之前對於 cryptic species的理解。本題用的是過去式，問的是過去的狀況，因此答案在第三段中，B和C是答案，所以D是正確選擇。
33.A。細節題。題幹：科學家是否知道有多少種cryptic species?利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第三段和第五段。第三段的倒數第二句中的“Until…no one will know just how many cryptic species exist.”其意思就是人們目前還不瞭解。第五段的最後一句也說明了研究者目前對此尚未了解。
34.c。細節題。題幹：下列哪項有關非洲野象和非洲象的說法是真實的?利用選項關鍵詞可以定位到第六段。該段舉了非洲大象為例，說明什麼是cryptic species。第六段的句子“A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct，non—interbreeding species”是選擇C的依據。選項A不對，the WCU並沒有雜交繁殖這兩種象。選項B不對，短文說這兩種象是非雜交物種。選項D的內容在短文中未提及。
35.A。細節題。題幹：人們在20世紀早期拒絕控制瘧疾是因為科學家 。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到最後一段。該段告訴我們：由於對蚊子種類不瞭解，20世紀初期瘧疾曾肆虐歐洲，最終，科學家才瞭解到蚊子這一物種不是由一個種類而是由六個種類組成的。所以，應該選擇A。
第二篇
36.C。細節題。題幹：誰獲得了巴黎花樣滑冰比賽的金牌?利用題目關鍵詞可以定位到第二段最後一句話，可知俄羅斯和加拿大兩個國家的選手都獲得了冠軍。
37.D。細節題。題幹：根據ISU提議的新規則，哪一項是對的?利用題目關鍵詞ISU可以定位到文章第三段，從而輕易得知答案選D。
38.D。細節題。題幹：Jerry Bingham說“I remain to be convinced”的含義是什麼?利用題目關鍵詞Jerry Bingham可以定位到第四段，Jerry Bingham說我仍然需要進一步確信，所以他是持懷疑態度的。
39.B。態度題。題幹：英國的相關人士對口提出的新規則的態度是__________。利用題目關鍵詞可以定位到第四段第一句話，可知英國對他們提出的新規則是持保留態度的。
40.A。細節題。題幹：有關跳水的打分制度的說法不正確的是哪一項?利用題目和選項關鍵詞可以定位到倒數第三段，Jeff Cook說如果去掉一個最高分，去掉一個最低分，留取中問分，可以得到一個比較合理的平均值。這在各種水下運動中是行得通的。由此可以很快地選出答案A。 但是這個題要注意題幹裡的“NOT”。
第三篇
41.C。細節題。題幹：Ronald Kahn和他的同事通過 來延長老鼠的壽命。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第二和第三段：Kahn認為延長壽命的關鍵在於要瘦，但是要瘦關鍵不在吃什麼、吃多少，而在於blocking the rodent’s(齧齒動物)increase offat in specific cells。其大意是阻止某些細胞裡脂肪的增加。
42.B。細節題。題幹：根據文章，我們不知道減少熱量的攝入是否對人有益，部分因為__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第四段，可知這個方法在人身上是否有效還不知道，因為很少有人願意接受這樣的試驗。
43.A。推理題。第三段的最後一句話暗含了什麼?第三段的最後一句是“these mice eat all they weight and live ’s like heaven.”，其大意是：可以敞開吃，不會發胖，還能長壽，簡直是在天堂。
44.D。細節題。題幹：經過改造的老鼠可以活__________。利用題幹關鍵詞定位，可以在倒數第三段裡找到答案the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of887 days。
45.A。推理題。題幹：根據文章可以推斷出延長壽命的方法__________。從文章的最後兩段我們可以看到，對Kahn的試驗同行中是有爭議的(controversial)，所以至少到目前為止還不能說已經找到了延長壽命的方法。
