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Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
註釋：
expectancy：預期壽命
tar tobacco：焦油含量低的菸草
練習：
1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Smoking reduces one's life expectancy.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. Nicotine is poisonous.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe;
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1. B 該題說的是：判斷抽菸對健康是否有危害是容易的。但是，文章的第一句話是這麼說的：自 1939年以來，進行了許多次研究，其目的都是為了判斷抽菸對健康是否是一種危害。可以看出判斷抽菸對健康是否是一種危害並不容易。
2. A 該題說的是：抽菸會縮短人們的預期壽命。該題源於第一段最後一個句子中的子句： tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy抽菸會縮短人們的預期壽命。
3. A 該題說的是：抽菸有可能誘發肺癌，文章的第二段和第三段都講到了抽菸與肺癌的關係。
4. C該題說的是：有證據說明乳腺癌是抽菸誘發的.。文章沒有提及乳腺癌與抽菸的關係。
5. B 該題說的是：男性菸民死於心臟病的比率小子女性菸民死於心臟病的比率。文章沒有直接比較男性菸民和女性菸民死於心臟病的比率，但有這麼一句話： Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.據認為女性菸民並不把煙吸得很深，煙對她們的影響小子男性菸民。從中可以推斷出的是：男性菸民死於心臟病的比率高於女性菸民死子心臟病的比率。因此該題的命題是錯誤的。
6. A 該題說的是：尼古丁是有毒的。答案可在第三段找到。
7. B 該題說的是：有了過濾嘴和焦油含量低的菸草，抽菸是安全的。文章的最後一段(也是最後一句 )是這麼說的：據稱，過濾嘴和焦油含量低的菸草在某種程度上使抽菸變得較為安全，但是它們只是略微減少危害而不是消除危害。因此該題的命題是錯誤的。
譯文：吸菸
自1939年以來，人們進行了無數次研究，以確定吸菸是否危害健康。證據的趨向是一致的， 並且顯示出吸菸對健康有嚴重危害。研究組進行的研究超出了所有合理的懷疑，表明吸菸與人的 預期壽命的縮短有關。
這個領域的大部分研究人員都認為吸菸是肺癌和喉癌產生的重荽原因，並且和人體其他某些 器官的癌症有關。吸菸的男性因心臟病的死亡率禽於不吸菸的男性。女性吸菸者被認為受的影響 較小，因為她們不深吸菸。
除了統計之外，看一看吸菸對人體的作用也可能會有幫助。煙是各種氣體、蒸發的化學物、 微小的灰和其他固體顆粒的混合物。裡面還有很強的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。當煙被玻入時，所有 這些成分形成肺膜上的沉澱物。集中的一點是氣管和支氣管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌開始於這 一點。
濾嘴和焦油含量低的菸草被宣稱使抽菸在某種程度上安全一些，但是它們只能稍微降低危 害而不是消除危害。
