Text one
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
註釋：
und Freud西格蒙德?弗洛伊德(1856—1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創始人。他認為被壓抑的慾望絕大部分是屬於性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》《夢的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等。
Jung：卡爾?榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學的創始人。
example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，並且常與打鬥有關;女人做夢與男人則不同。
練習：
everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
rding to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
rding to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
and women dream about different things.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
ntists agree that dreams predict the future.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案與題解
1.A 這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義;而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。
2.A 第三段的最後一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。
3.B 第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個資訊)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地瞭解自己)。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。
4.C 文中沒有提及。
5.A 依據第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那麼多的夢，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。
6.A 本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關係。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。
7.B 最後一段的倒數第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但並不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發生。因而不能預測未來。
譯文 夢是什麼
幾百年來，人們都對他們夢到的奇異的事情感到疑惑。一些心理學家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動並沒有特殊含義，另一些人則認為，夢是生命重要的一部分。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。
近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的資訊。直到20世紀，人們才開始從科學的角度研究夢。
奧地利心理學家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作《 夢的解析》(1900) 中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人願望的表達。他認為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。
瑞士精神病學家卡爾 ·榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同，他認為，夢的作用是給做夢的人傳遞一種資訊，而人們通過自己的夢，可以對自己有一個更深刻的瞭解。比如，如果一個人夢到從高處墜落，那麼他應該反思自己是不是自視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應該想想平時可能太看低自己了。
現代心理學家還在繼續發展關於夢的理論，來自位於聖克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學的威廉· 多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。
多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關係。他的.研究表明，孩子不像成人那麼多夢。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也隨著年齡增長而發展。
多姆霍夫還發現夢和性別之間的關係。通過研究. 他發現男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現的通常是其他男性，而且常與打鬥有關，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫研究了全世界來自11種不同文化的古今案例，得出了上述結論。
夢能幫助我們更好地瞭解自己嗎?心理學家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發生，不要慌張。夢確實有含義，但也不意味著你夢到的事真的會發生。要記住，夢中的世界並不是真實的世界。
Text two
Moderate Earthquake Strikes England
A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.
“It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fim-fair ride, 3” said the woman. The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.
Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.
“I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me,” said Hendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. “I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down. ”
There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.
The country’s strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geologicisd Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.
詞彙：
moderate 中等的 topple 傾倒，震倒
tremor 震動 fun-fair 公共露天遊樂場
forthcoming 即將來臨的 geological 地質的
magnitude /值，強度量 rouse /喚醒
hop 齊足跳起 scale 震級 evacuate 疏散
註釋：
r：電力
County ：肯特郡(位於英格蘭東南部)
felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride：它(地震)給人的感覺是整幢房子就像遊樂場的滑行機一樣在滑動。ride是“遊樂場供人玩樂的乘坐式的活動裝置”。as if是“好像……一樣;彷彿”，例如：
He treated me as if I were his son.他待我如同待他的兒子一樣。
4.3-magnitude quake：里氏4.3級地震
ish Channel：英吉利—峽
r：多佛爾(英格蘭東南部港市)
nel Tunnel：海峽隧道。Channel Tunnel(常簡稱為Chunnel)是連線英法兩國的海峽隧。
erbury：坎特伯雷(英格蘭東南部城市，中世紀時曾是宗教朝聖聖地)
was getting heavier and heavier：爆裂聲越來越響
ingham：伯明翰(英格蘭中部城市)
Richter scale：里氏震級表。美國地震學家Charles Francis Richter(1900一1985)於1935年制定了地震震級表。
ish Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France：英國地質勘測所的科學家Roger Musson說，這次4月28日遭遇地震的地區曾經遭受過英國最強烈的幾次大地震，其中的一次大地震發生在1580年，那次地震蹂躪了倫敦，巴黎也能感到它的震波。
13.a matter of time：時間問題。又如：It’s not a matter of money.這不是個錢的問題。
練習：
ng the April 28 earthquake, the whole England was left without power.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured, but not seriously.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
ce and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
country’s strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
on predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1.B 題句說2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格蘭都停電，與短文第一段第一句表達的內容不符。短文說地震殃及英格蘭東南部的肯特郡部分地區，電力中斷，幾千名居民無電可用。所以，題句是錯誤的，答案為B。
2.C 本題所說的意思是：地震發生後，海峽隧道關閉了10小時。題句表達的內容短文中找不到，故答案為C。
3.A 題句的意思是：地震中一個婦女的頭部和頸部受了點輕傷。題句表達的意思與第一段最後一句表達的內容相符。所以選項A是答案。
4.C 題句表達的意思是：法國和其他幾個歐洲國家派遣他們的醫療隊去英國與當地的醫生肩工作。這一內容短文中找不到，故答案為C。
5.B 題句斯說的英國最強烈的地震於1580年發生在倫敦，這與短文表述的事實不符。短文第七段第一句明白無誤地說，英國最強烈的地震於1931年發生在北海。題句表達的資訊是錯誤的，故答案為B。
6.A 題句說Musson預言在英格蘭東南部遲早將發生另一次地震。這一說法與短文最後一段第三句所表達的意思相符。短文中說，另一次地震將襲擊英格蘭東南部，這只是個時間問題。所以答案是A。
7.A 短文第六段第一句說，全球每年發生強度為里氏4級左右的地震有幾千次，但是這種中等強度的地震在英格蘭很少發生。據此，讀者可以容易地推斷出，嵩麄級的地震在英格蘭就更少見了。
譯文：中度地震襲擊英國
2007年 4月 28日英格蘭東南部地區發生中度地震，一些房屋煙囪倒塌，許多居民半夜從睡夢中驚醒。肯特郡幾千人遭遇斷電，一名女子頭部和頸部受了輕傷。
“我感覺整個房子就像遊樂場的滑行機一樣在滑動。”該女子說。
英國地質調查局說，本次里氏 4.3級的地震發生於上午 8點 19分，震中在英吉利海峽底部，位於多佛爾以前約8.5英里處的海峽隧道入口附近。
一些目擊者看到郡中牆壁現裂縫，並有煙囪倒塌。當地居民說震動大約持續了 10～15秒。
“我當時躺在床上，覺得好像旁邊有人從床上站起來。 ”住在倫敦東南部60英里處的 27歲的 Hendrick van Eck說，“然後我聽到有東西裂開的聲音，而且越來越響。就好像有人在我床尾不停地並著腳跳。”
這種規模的中度地震世界上每年都會發生幾千次，但在英國仍非常少見。 4月 28日的地震是英國自 2002 年中部城市伯明翰里氏 4.8級地震以來最強的一次。
英國的地震最高曾達到里氏6.1級，1931年發生在北海。英國地質勘測所的科學家羅傑·馬森說，4月28日發生地震的地區曾經遭受過幾起英國最大的地震，其中的一次發生在 1580年，那次地震蹂躪了倫敦，並波及法國。馬森預言了英格蘭的這個地區早晚還會發生地震，但他說人們不必對此產生太大恐懼，因為英國的現代地震預警系統應該能夠偵測即將發生的地震，並在震前數小時內通知大家。這將使人們有時間撤離震區，並把損失降到最低。
