閱讀能力的測試包括閱讀速度,理解程度以及記憶能力等。要想獲得滿意的考研英語成績,最根本的方法就是提高詞彙量,加強閱讀訓練,下面就是小編給大家準備的考研英語的閱讀真題及全文翻譯，歡迎大家閱讀參考!
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professiona
l or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
[A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry
2. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
4. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.
[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
重點詞彙：
ialisation(專業化)即special+is(e)+ation，special(特別的;額外的)，-ise動詞字尾(specialise即v.專業化)，-ation名詞字尾;specialist(專家;專科醫生)←special+ist字尾表“人”。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman, which is stronger than that for any other person.愛情是對一個男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比對其他任何人的好感都強烈。
onse (回覆;響應)是respond的名詞形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor, the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁縫跟雕塑家、畫家和音樂家一樣，夢想著能在世人靈魂中引起反響的作品。
mulation(積累，堆積)即accumulate+ation，accumulate(v.積累，堆積)，-ation名詞字尾。University are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away, and knowledge accumulates.大學裡充滿了知識，新生帶進來一些，高年級學生則一點也不帶走，於是知識就積累了下來。Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.書籍是積累智慧的明燈。
essionalisation(職業化)即professional+is(e)+ation，professional(職業的;職業人員)，-ise動詞字尾(professionalise即v.職業化)，-ation名詞字尾。In love woman are professionals, men are amateurs.在戀愛中女子是專業者，男子是業餘者。
r-cut 明確的，清晰的。
eur(業餘的;業餘愛好者)可記諧音“愛慕它”，“業餘愛好者”選擇某專業必定是“愛慕它”。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的藝術家都曾經是業餘愛好者。amateur — a young man who, when flattering women, is afraid of overdoing it 業餘選手——奉承女人時怕做過頭的年輕人。
inction (差別，區分)即distinct+ion，distinct(清楚的，明顯的)，-ion名詞字尾。同根詞：extinct滅絕(因為有x而省略s);instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信與自負區別的東西。
otation (涵義)即con+not(e)+ation，con-字首“一起”，note記錄，-ation名詞字尾，“所有東西都被一起記錄在其中”→涵義。
grate(使成為一體)←integr完整+ate
icipation(參加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation，Parti(=Part)，cip(=cap)抓(參captive，2003年Text 3)，-ation名詞字尾，“抓取其中一部分”→分享;動詞為Participate←Parti+cip+ate。We Participate in a tragedy; at a comedy we only look.悲劇我們參加，喜劇我們僅僅觀看。
terms of 依據;用……措辭。
al?(v.展現;揭示;洩露)即re+veal，re-字首(=away)，veal(=veil)面紗，“揭開面紗”→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.沒有什麼比一個人所反感的笑話更能顯露他的為人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind, you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把祕密洩露給風，就不應責怪風把祕密洩露給樹。
asis(強調，重點)可看作em+phasis，em-字首“強調”，phasis看作是phase(階段)的複述形式，於是“在各階段裡最值得強調的”→強調。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有時候我但願人們多把重點放在遵守法律上，而非強調其實施。
acy (首要，首位)即prim(e)+acy，prime首要的，-acy名詞字尾，primacy與privacy(隱私)一字母之差，“隱私”是最“首要”的。
nition(定義)即defin(e)+ition，define(下定義;限定)-ition名詞字尾。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.說一個人從不給人造成痛苦，這幾乎是下了一個關於君子的定義。
esent(v.描述;代表)←re+present。Books only Partially represent their authors.圖書只是部分地體現了作者。
ect (v.反射;反映;思考)←re回+flect彎曲。There are two ways of spreading light: To be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.散佈光的方法有兩種：當蠟燭或者當反射燭光的鏡子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思慮過多者一事難成。
ree(仲裁者v.仲裁)←refer+ee。
rate(分離的v.分離)←se+par+ate，se-字首“分離”，par看作Part“分離”，-ate字尾。同字首詞：select(v.選擇a.精選的)←se+lect選。You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.你無法將安寧與自由分開，因為得不到自由誰都不會安寧。
y (v.n.耽擱，延遲)看作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暫時“放下”→耽擱。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天應做的事推遲到明天。
on (v.認為;估算)看作re+ckon，re-字首“反覆”，ckon諧音“啃”，題目太難了，需要“re啃”才能“估算”出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病當作人生一大樂趣，只要病得不太嚴重，並且在好轉之前不被要求工作。To sensible men, every day is a day of reckoning.對明智的人來說，每一天的'時間都要精打細算。
ial(極重要的，決定性的)即cruc+ial，cruc詞根(=cross)，-ail形容詞字尾，“處於十字路口的”→關鍵的。
hology(心理學)←psycho+logy，psycho詞根“心理”，-logy字尾“……學”。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理學的用途是告訴我們對最熟悉事物的完全不同的觀念。
one's own right 憑自身條件;
r way 在進行中。
難句解析：
① No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
先看前面的句子的主幹是No... distinction can be drawn between...，冒號後面的內容是進一步說明前面的觀點。在第二個句子中，一上來就有一個轉折詞nevertheless，表示語意的轉折，其主句是the word "amateur" does carry a connotation，後面有一個同位語從句，裡面有兩個並列謂語。
注意nevertheless表示轉折，其後的資訊與其前面的資訊意思相反，前面講二者沒有很明顯的區別，後面便說業餘和專業就是不一樣。其次要看清the word "amateur" DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT。
② The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
兩個分句有同一個主語，即the trend，兩個謂語為was obvious和can be illustrated。前一個分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾areas of science。
注意be illustrated的用法，這裡是“舉例說明，例證說明”的意思;另外in terms of是“就某事來說，以某事為例”的意思。
③ A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
本句的主語是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心詞為a comparison)，謂語是reveals，賓語主體結構是not simply... but also...所連線的兩個並列賓語，注意賓語emphasis和definition前都有分詞來修飾。
an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research譯為“對科研的重要性的強調不斷攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper譯為“一篇過得去的科研論文創作標準也有所變化”，其中what指代the elements that。
④ The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
全句的主幹結構是The... result has been to do sth.。注意逗號後面只是一個名詞性的短語，其核心詞是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主語的同位語，在其內部主要是一個長的定語從句，而定語從句中又有兩個並列的狀語first by..., and then by...。
entrance入口，此處指發表文章，進入專業圈子。reinforce增強，也就是使難度更高。本句的理解重點在於理順句子結構，要看到在第一個逗號之後沒有動詞了，可以一層一層地把這個名詞短語分解開。
⑤ A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
這是一個並列關係的並列句，兩個分句由whereas(而)連線，說明了兩種情況，前面是在說professional，而後面說amateurs。
coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解為“組成一到兩個全國性的專科學術社團”。
試題解析：
1. 【正確答案】 [D]
根據第二段第三、四句，19世紀開始的專門化要求更長時間、更復雜的培訓，日益增長的專門化給參與科學活動的業餘愛好者帶來了更大的問題。在特別是以數學和實驗為基礎的那些科學領域裡，這一傾向自然表現得最為明顯，英國地質學領域的發展充分地說明了這一點。
在這四個選擇項中，雖然沒有提到地質學，但是，眾所周知，就19世紀而言，物理學和化學均是以數學和實驗作為基礎的科學，因此[D]是正確答案。
2. 【正確答案】[B]
意為：業餘研究者可以在某些科學領域與專業研究者相匹敵。根據第三段，在20世紀，區域性的研究(local studies)只有在能被納入並反映出更廣泛研究框架的時候，才為專業研究者所接受。這說明，某些方面的研究是為專業研究者所認可的。第二段還提到，目前並存著分別以業餘研究者和專業研究者為物件的兩種雜誌，專業地質學家組成了全國性的一兩個協會，而業餘研究者則通常是或者參加本地的研究協會，或者也以不同的方式結成全國性的組織。這些都說明了業餘研究的不可或缺性以及與職業研究並存狀況。
A意為：專門化和專業化過程幾乎沒有區別。根據本文，專門化過程(specialisation)和專業化過程(professionalisation)實質上是同一個過程，即：研究領域的專門化帶來了研究人員的專業化，一個是針對研究物件而言，另一個是針對研究者而宮，二者同時發生，不可比較。C不對。根據第三段第四句，專業研究者對業餘研究者甚至還有排擠的傾向。D不對。參閱本題對選擇項[B]的解釋。
3. 【正確答案】 [A]
參閱第二段第三、四句並第51題題解。請特別注意第四句中illustrate(舉例說明)。另外，第四段第一句也提到，雖然專業化和專門化過程早在19世紀已在英國的地質學領域展開，但直到20世紀我們才看到其全面影響。這句話也是對上一段的總結。
B意為：業餘研究者在科學研究中碰到的艱辛。例子中雖然提到了專業化結業餘研究者帶來的不利影響.但就總體而言，這個例子說明的是專業化和專門化過程的形成及其影響。C意為：科技出版物出版方針的變化。第三段提到了科學雜誌的問題(參閱第52題題解)，但這顯然不是例子旨在說明的問題。D意為：專業研究者對業餘研究者的歧視。
4. 【正確答案】 [C]
全文第一句指出，專門化過程可以看做是對日益積累的科學知識的反應。該句的含義是：科學知識的積累促進了知識的進一步分類和分化(或專門化)。
A不對。第一段第二、三句話的意思是，通過將研究課題分作更小單位，人們可以繼續處理資訊(注意：這裡所說的information指上一句中的scientific knowledge)，用之作為進一步研究的基礎，但是，專門化只是影響交流過程的一系列科學發展的一部分。這裡所說的communication指科學知識的交流。B不對。專業比是隨著知識的進一步分類而產生的，不是其成因。參閱第2題對選擇項A的解釋。D意為：學術團體的分裂。
全文翻譯：
專業化可被視為針對科學知識不斷膨脹這個問題所做出的反應。通過將學科細化，個人能夠繼續處理這些不斷膨脹的資訊並將它們作為深入研究的基礎。但是專業化僅是科學領域內一系列影響交流過程的有關現象之一。另一現象是科學活動的日益職業化。
在科學領域內，專業與業餘之間沒有絕對的區分：任何規律都有其例外。但是“業餘”這個詞的確具有特殊的含義，那就是所指的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學家群體，具體地說，他可能並不完全認同這個群體的價值觀。19世紀的專業化的發展，以及隨之而來的對訓練的長期性和複雜性的要求，對業餘人員進入科學界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數學和實驗室訓練為基礎的科學領域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過英國的地質學發展過程得到證實。
對過去一個半世紀的英國地質出版物進行比較，我們不但發現人們對研究的重視程度在不斷增加，而且人們對可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀，區域性的地質研究本身就可形成一種有價值的研究;而到了20世紀，如果區域性的研究能夠被專業人員接受，那麼它越來越傾向於必須體現或思考更廣闊的地質面貌。另一方面業餘人員繼續以舊的方式從事區域性的研究。其整體的結果是使業餘人員進入專業性地質學雜誌更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進使這個結果得到加強，這一制度開始是在19世紀的全國性雜誌進行，進入20世紀後也在一些地方性地質雜誌實行。這樣發展的必然結果是出現了針對專業讀者和業餘讀者的不同雜誌。類似的分化過程也導致專業地質學家聚集起來，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業餘地質學家則要麼留在地方性團體中，要麼以不同方式組成全國性的團體。
雖然職業化和專業化過程在19世紀的英國地質學界中已經得到迅速發展，但是它的效果直到20世紀才充分顯示出來。然而，從科學這個整體來看，19世紀必須被視為科學結構發生變化的關鍵時期。
