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Part B
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps, Mark your answers on ANSWE SHEET 1.
For Richard Leakey, head of the Kenya Wildlife Service ( KWS ), conservation often seems to be a continuation of war by other means. His first period as director of the agency saw the introduc- tion of a "shoot to kill" policy to deal with illegal hunters. He also ceremonially burnt the country's stockpile of confiscated ivory--even though, as critics pointed out, the haul could have paid for a dozen new schools 66.
His second session in the director's chair began eight months ago (the interregnum was caused by his resignation to enter politics in 1994, after clashes with Daniel arap Moi, Kenya's president). The years, however, have not softened him. His approach this time is almost as aggressive as shooting illegal hunters--it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under the KWS' orotection, which he refers to as "hard edges".
67.
The extent to which wildlife and people can co-exist has long been a worry to conservationists. Some of them argue that peaceful co-existence is possible, especially if the animals are made to pay their way through tourism and the "cropping" of surplus beasts to provide food. But others, though in general willing these days to fall in with the line that nature must earn its keep if it is to survive, suspect that the benefits will frequently accrue to people other than those whose activities actually threaten the animals--and thus that the invisible hand of self-interest will not give animals any pro- tection.
68.
The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru. It is surrounded by settlements, and daries have become "blurred" as a result. Now, thanks to a two-metre-high fence, those boundaries will be clear--and people who have been squatting on government land will have to leave.
69.
This valley is home to two rare species of monkey, the red colobus and the Tana River manga- bey. People have lived there since before it was declared a protected area, but their numbers have expanded considerably in recent years. One or other group of primates must, in Dr. Leakey's view, therefore go. He plans that it will be the people.
The Tana River resettlement scheme is supposed to be voluntary, and comes with incentives such as money for new schools, water supplies and clinics.
70.
Whether "hard edges" will work as well as "shoot to kill" remains to be seen. But it could prove a risky strategy. People moved off their land have long memories, and when political circum- stances change they may translate those memories into action. Even in Europe, many of those whose homes have been flooded by reservoirs still mourn their lost villages, and would go back giv- en the chance. And dams--with all the attitudes that back them up--are going out of fashion.
there are still some locals who would rather stay. In ——eory, they can. But they will have to put up with a series of restrictive measures designed to make life more comfortable for monkeys and less comfortable for people. Nobody, for instance, will be allowed to cut down trees; and human movements will be strictly controlled. The message is thus pretty clear: "please leave".
ard Leakey's second stint in charge of Kenya's wild animals looks likely to be as contro-versial as his first.
. Leakey seems to take the second approach--at least as far as the beasts in his custody are concerned. He is aware of the fact that his actions will be supported by the government only because of the income they bring to the tourist industry ( one of Kenya's biggest export earn- ers). And if it is to be an industrial project, then industrial public-policy methods should be applied. A western government, he points out, would not hesitate to use compulsory land purchase for a scheme deemed to be in the public interest (a hydroelectric dam, for exam- pie). So why should similar methods not apply to tourist-attraction wildlife reserves?
, though it will no doubt produce some complaints, is probably reasonable--the squatters should not have been there in the first place. More controversial, however, is a scheme to "encourage" people to leave the valley of the Tana River.
harsh measures (backed, admittedly, by an international ban on all trade in ivory) ap- have worked. After decades of decline, the elephant population in Kenya has sta- bilised, and even begun to creep up again.
scheme means that Kenya's national parks are, in effect, declaring independence from the rest of the country. They will be surrounded by fences and defended by border guards. Those fences, which will often be electrified, will, of course, serve to keep the animals in and thus stop them damaging the crops on surrounding farms. But their main purpose is to keep unwanted humans out.
