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Part B
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps, Mark your answers on ANSWE SHEET 1.
For Richard Leakey, head of the Kenya Wildlife Service ( KWS ), conservation often seems to be a continuation of war by other means. His first period as director of the agency saw the introduc- tion of a "shoot to kill" policy to deal with illegal hunters. He also ceremonially burnt the country's stockpile of confiscated ivory--even though, as critics pointed out, the haul could have paid for a dozen new schools
66.
His second session in the director's chair began eight months ago (the interregnum was caused by his resignation to enter politics in 1994, after clashes with Daniel arap Moi, Kenya's president). The years, however, have not softened him. His approach this time is almost as aggressive as shooting illegal hunters--it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under the KWS' orotection, which he refers to as "hard edges".
67.
The extent to which wildlife and people can co-exist has long been a worry to conservationists. Some of them argue that peaceful co-existence is possible, especially if the animals are made to pay their way through tourism and the "cropping" of surplus beasts to provide food. But others, though in general willing these days to fall in with the line that nature must earn its keep if it is to survive, suspect that the benefits will frequently accrue to people other than those whose activities actually threaten the animals--and thus that the invisible hand of self-interest will not give animals any pro- tection.
68.
The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru. It is surrounded by settlements, and daries have become "blurred" as a result. Now, thanks to a two-metre-high fence, those boundaries will be clear--and people who have been squatting on government land will have to leave.
69.
This valley is home to two rare species of monkey, the red colobus and the Tana River manga- bey. People have lived there since before it was declared a protected area, but their numbers have expanded considerably in recent years. One or other group of primates must, in Dr. Leakey's view, therefore go. He plans that it will be the people.
The Tana River resettlement scheme is supposed to be voluntary, and comes with incentives such as money for new schools, water supplies and clinics.
70.
Whether "hard edges" will work as well as "shoot to kill" remains to be seen. But it could prove a risky strategy. People moved off their land have long memories, and when political circum- stances change they may translate those memories into action. Even in Europe, many of those whose homes have been flooded by reservoirs still mourn their lost villages, and would go back giv- en the chance. And dams--with all the attitudes that back them up--are going out of fashion.
there are still some locals who would rather stay. In ——eory, they can. But they will have to put up with a series of restrictive measures designed to make life more comfortable for monkeys and less comfortable for people. Nobody, for instance, will be allowed to cut down trees; and human movements will be strictly controlled. The message is thus pretty clear: "please leave".
ard Leakey's second stint in charge of Kenya's wild animals looks likely to be as contro-versial as his first.
. Leakey seems to take the second approach--at least as far as the beasts in his custody are concerned. He is aware of the fact that his actions will be supported by the government only because of the income they bring to the tourist industry ( one of Kenya's biggest export earn- ers). And if it is to be an industrial project, then industrial public-policy methods should be applied. A western government, he points out, would not hesitate to use compulsory land purchase for a scheme deemed to be in the public interest (a hydroelectric dam, for exam- pie). So why should similar methods not apply to tourist-attraction wildlife reserves?
, though it will no doubt produce some complaints, is probably reasonable--the squatters should not have been there in the first place. More controversial, however, is a scheme to "encourage" people to leave the valley of the Tana River.
harsh measures (backed, admittedly, by an international ban on all trade in ivory) ap- have worked. After decades of decline, the elephant population in Kenya has sta- bilised, and even begun to creep up again.
scheme means that Kenya's national parks are, in effect, declaring independence from the rest of the country. They will be surrounded by fences and defended by border guards. Those fences, which will often be electrified, will, of course, serve to keep the animals in and thus stop them damaging the crops on surrounding farms. But their main purpose is to keep unwanted humans out.
Part B
對於理查德·利基——肯亞野生動物保護局(KWS)的負責人來說，保護區往往是一種用另一種方式延續的戰爭。在擔任代理主任的第一個任期內，他發起了“格殺勿論”的政策來對付非法狩獵者。他還正式燒燬了所有沒收的行私象牙。正如批評者所指出的，繳獲的非法所得本.可以修建十幾所新學校。
66.
這些嚴厲的措施(誠然，是在國際象牙貿易禁令的授權下)似乎已經奏效。經過幾十年的持續下降後，肯亞的大象數量已經
穩定下來，甚至開始有所回升。八個月前，他繼任執行主席(1994年，他辭職進入政界，後與丹尼爾·阿拉普·莫伊——肯亞總統發生衝突，回到了原有的職位)。但是，時間並沒有磨平他。這次，他的做法幾乎就像“射殺非法獵人”那樣受人非議。在KWS的保護下，用重兵防守保護區邊界，他稱之為“難以突破的界限”。
67.
這個方案實際上意味著把肯亞的國家公園從全國其他地區獨立出來。它的四周將由國欄和邊防軍把守。"-3然，那些通常帶電的圍籬往往會阻止動物的進入，從而阻止他們破壞周圍農場的作物。但它們的主要目的是防止閒雜人等進入。對於環保主義者來說，野生動物和人在何種程度上可以共存一直是一個困擾的問題。他們中有些人認為和平共處是可能的，特別是通過旅遊業來支付這些動物的生存成本，而且過量的動物也可以用來當做食物。但其他人，總體上雖然願意認同自然萬物的生存必須付出代價，但懷疑這樣會給一些人而不是那些實際威脅動物的人帶來好處，從而使私利這隻看不見的手破壞關於保護動物的任何努力。
68.
利基博士似乎採取了第二種方法。至少就他所看管的動物而言，他是這麼做的。他知道只有他們給旅遊業(肯亞最大的出口盈利途徑之一)帶來收入，他們的行動才會受到政府的支援。而要想成為一個產業專案，就必須應用產業的公共政策。他指出，西方政府為了一個計劃會毫不猶豫地強制購買土地。只要該計劃符合公眾利益(如一個水電站大壩)。那麼，為什麼類似的.方法就並不適用於以旅遊為賣點的野生動物保護區?
首先實施這種想法的地方就是納庫魯湖。它的四周都是居民區，因此它的邊界變得很“模糊”。現在，幸虧一個兩米高的圍牆使這些邊界又清晰可見了。那些一直佔用政府土地的人不得不離開。
69.
也就是說，雖然必定會產生一些抱怨，這種做法可能也是合理的。佔地者當初就不應該在那裡。更具有爭議的一個計劃是“鼓勵”人們離開塔納河的山谷。這個山谷是兩種珍稀猴子——紅疣猴和塔納河白眉的家鄉。在它被宣佈為保護區之前，人們就已經生活在那裡，但最近幾年，人群的數量在不斷擴充套件。因此，在利基博士看來，靈長類動物的一種必須要離開。他認為是人。塔納河安置方案應該是自願的，並配有諸如為新的學校、供水和診所提供資金支援之類的激勵措施。
70.
但仍有一些當地人寧願留下來。從理論上講，他們有權這麼做。但他們將不得不忍受一系列旨在改善猴子生活而讓人類不舒服的限制措施。例如，人類不能砍伐樹木.人類活動將被嚴格控制。其表達的資訊非常清楚：“請離開。”“難以突破的界限”是否能起到與“格殺勿論”一樣效果，還有待觀察。但這一政策無疑是有風險的。離開土地的人記憶長存，一旦政治風雲變幻，他們可能會把這些記憶轉化為行動。即使在歐洲，那些被水庫淹沒家園的人仍然悼念他們失去的村莊，一旦有機會他們還會回去。大壩——和那些支撐著他們的觀點——將會過時。
66.E【精析】這一段是上一段的擴充套件：第一段的最後一句講到了理查德·利基正式燒燬國家沒收行私的象牙庫存，下一段介紹這一做法所帶來的影響就是肯亞大象數量的穩定和日趨上升，故選E。
67.F【精析】從段際關係來分析，需要抓住的關鍵資訊是上一段中的“it is a system of heavily defended frontiers for the areas under theKWS’protection，which he refers to as hard edges”，下一段自然要提到該計劃的具體內容，故選F。
68.C【精析】從段際關係來分析，需要抓住的關鍵資訊是下一段中的“The first place to be the target of this attitude is Lake Nakuru”，上一段自然介紹的是何種態度，C項最後一句提出了這種態度，故選C。
69.D【精析】此題通過上下文詞語的共現關係來確定。上一段的最後一句出現關鍵詞“squatting”，而D項第一句就含有“squatters”與上一段的關鍵詞對應，故選D。
70.A【精析】從段際關係來分析，這段要起到承上啟下的作用。上一段主要講到了塔納河安置方案，而下一段對“難以突破的界限”是否能起到與“格殺勿論”一樣的效果，還有待觀察。因此，A項就是一個很好的過渡段，有人不接受塔納河的安置方案，這樣做的後果還有待觀察，故選A。
