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Part C
Answer Questions 71 to 80 by referring to the 3 articles on juvenile delinquency. Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. Some choices may be required more than once.
In which article(s) does (do) the author(s)
provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 71.________
mention that when dewing with juvenile delinquents，both the young offenders and society should be protected? 72._______ 73._______
present the view that youngsters in the developed countries face the same situation as their counterparts do in the developing countries? 74._______
explore the root of juvenile delinquency? 75._______
suggest that some youngsters are taken as offenders for crimes they have never committed? 76._______
advocate that children below a certain age should not be penalized for minor offences? 77._______
say that the juvenile justice system should aim at helping young people rather than simply punishing them? 78._______ 79.______
tell the reader that attempts have been made to prevent delinquents from becoming hardened criminals? 80.________
A
Impoverished young people experience society's linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous--not because they have broken any law.
People don't have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been"pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and be- came separated from family members or friends.
At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone's pocket or barter the only thing they own--their bodies-- for survival.
In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in depri- vation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every corner has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legiti- mate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade's easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers.
B
All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word--they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for coun- tries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the ca- pacity to infringe the penal law"--in other words, an age below which they are too young to be re- sponsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions.
But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young : The age of criminal respon- sibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Su- dan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour.
Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is de- signed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it
serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals.
In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles--in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals.
C
There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster.
The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guide- lines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penali- zing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others. " This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young peo- ple from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour.
Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to person- ally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of"criminal "..
THAT IS THE END OF SECTION THREE
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTION UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO
Part C
A
貧窮的年輕人從小就體會到了社會上貧窮和犯罪的聯絡。他們中的許多人與警察和司法系統扯上關係，僅僅因為他們看起來貧窮或不受社會他們的潛能。比起犯罪行為造成的影響，對社會來說，防止年輕人犯罪成本更低，也更有效。
政府已經為幫助年輕人建立了許多程式機制。在加拿大的安大略省，一位緩刑執行官在推行一個推理及康復專案，旨在幫助青少年約束衝動行為，幫助他們學習人際交往過程中出現問題後的反應。參與者中，累犯率大幅度下降。在荷蘭，“暫停”專案要求破壞者親自補償他們的受害者，但是用這種方式，避免了他們因為“罪犯”這個標記而被汙衊。答案及解析
71.B【精析】題目問的.是“在哪篇文章中作者提到每個國家定義的成年的概念是不一樣的?”。根據B篇第二段“But this age varies wide—ly，and in many cases it is far too young：The age of criminal re—sponsibility is 7 years in，for example，India，Ireland，Jordan，Ni—geria，Pakistan，South Africa，Sudan，Switzerland，Tanzania r common age is also 7 in most US states…”可知，每個國家法定成年年齡是不一樣的，也就是說各個國家對成年這個概念的定義也是不同的，故選B。
72.B【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在處理青少年犯罪時，罪犯和社會都應該受到保護?”。根據B篇第三段最後兩句“The system should be based on knowledge of child e same time，the juvenile justice system must protect society frompotentially dangerous criminals.”可知，B篇中提到了個人和社會都應被保護不受潛在危險的罪犯的影響，故選B。
73.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在處理青少年犯罪時，罪犯和社會都應該受到保護?”。根據C篇第二段第三句“…Preventing juvenile definquency or crime is not just a matter of pro—tecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeedsand fulfill their potential.”可知，這篇也有提及“both the young of-fenders and society should be protected”，故選C。
74.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在發達國家的青少年和在發展中國家的青少年面臨著相同的問題?”。A篇第二段第二句“In developing countries，poverty often forces children OUt ofthe house when they ale as young as l0，sometimes even younger.’’和第四段第一句“In the industrialized countries，many young peo—pie are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation，taunted by theunattainable riches of a consumer society.”前後呼應，說明不管是在工業化國家還是在發展中國家，現象都是存在的，故選A。
75.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者追溯了青少年犯罪的根源?”。根據A篇第二段第一句“People don’t have to probe veryfar into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stationsand courtrooms to find a common denominator：poverty.”可知，歸根結底，貧窮是犯罪的源頭，故選A。
76.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到了‘將沒有犯罪的青少年作為罪犯’。”由A篇第一段第二句“Many of them becomeinvolved wit}l the police and the iustice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable，or because they‘look’danger—ous—not because they have broken any law.”可知，一些青少年被當做罪犯，僅僅因為他們貧窮，看起來危險，而並不是他們犯法，故選A。
77.B【精析】題目問的是“哪篇文章中提倡在某一年齡之下的犯了法的孩子不應該接受法律的制裁?”。根據B篇第一段第二句“But theConvention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establisha minimum age below which young people‘shall be presumed not tohave the capacity to infringe the penal law’--in other agebelow which they are too young to be responsible for their actionsand therefore too young to face criminal sanctions.”可知，這一建議是《兒童權利公約》提出來的，故選B。
78.B【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中提到建立青少年司法體系是為了幫助那些年輕人而不是單單的懲罰他們?”。在B篇第三段第三句中，“In an ideal world it serves as a safety net，catching chil—dren who commit petty offences and，instead of locking them away，helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions.”，青少年司法體系只是作為一個安全網，不是把那些犯罪的孩子給抓起來，而是幫助他們從其行為中學到責任感，故選B。
79.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中提到建立青少年司法體系是為了幫助那些年輕人而不是單單的懲罰他們?”。在C篇第二段第三句中，“Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a mat—ter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome theirmisdeeds and fulfiU their potential.”，青少年司法體系是為了幫助孩子戰勝那些錯誤的行為，使他們的潛能得以實現，故選C：
80.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中告訴作者有關部門為了阻止青少年犯罪演變成更加嚴重的犯罪已經做出了嘗試。”根據C篇第三段倒數第二句“Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the par—ticipants.”，可知，經過努力，犯罪率降低了，避免了更深程度的犯罪，故選C。
