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定語從句和賓語從句

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  定語從句:

  一、定語從句的引導詞

定語從句和賓語從句

1、一共有9個:who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as

與名詞從句相比:定從不能由what和how引導;which的含義改變;定從內部的介詞可以放引導詞前。

2、引導詞的功能有哪些?

(1)引導定語從句

(2)代替先行詞在定語從句中充當一個成分。(先行詞在從句中不再出現)

  二、定語從句的關鍵

1、首先,要能判斷出該從句是什麼從句:

(1)放句首沒有用逗號分開的,一般是主語從句,也有可能是狀語從句,但從句結束後若有體現時態變化的動詞,則一定是主語從句。

(2)放及物動詞後,若及物動詞不是被動語態,後面一定是賓語從句;若該及物動詞是被動語態,後面一般是主語從句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或狀語從句。

(3)放be動詞後,後面一定是表語從句,但 “It is/was + 從句(被強調成分) + that”是強調句(強調句中“非謂語”)。

(4)放名詞後,一般是定語從句,但若該名詞有“內涵/內容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion), 則很可能是同位語從句。

(5)用逗號分開的從句,一般是狀語從句或 as/which引導的定語從句,也要注意用放在句中用逗號分開的“插入語”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。

2、其次,判斷出是定語從句後可以用“三個優先”法做題:

(1)優先選擇含whose的選項,能與空格後的名詞構成“某人的某物”搭配,一般就是答案;

(2)優先選擇含介詞的選項,然後看該介詞與從句中的謂語是否能構成符合邏輯的搭配;

(3)用逗號分開的定從,優先考慮as和which,若該空能翻譯為“一件事”而從句意思是通順的,則放句首就用as,句末用which(若該空能翻譯為“如同”“像…一樣”則應用as)

3、再次,做定語從句題可以用“三問法”來檢測是否出錯:

(1)先行詞本身是否為特殊的詞?

way+ in which/that/省略

指物的不定代詞:anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that

指人的不定代詞或數詞:one, those, anyone, two等 + who

既有人又有物: + that

“抽象的地點”condition, situation,case, point + where

“抽象的時間”one’s stay/visit + when

在特定語境中可以作“地點/位置”理解的詞:trousers/ sleeves + where

(2)先行詞前面有無特殊的詞?

有不定代詞修飾:all/every/little/much+ …+ that

有最高階/序數詞修飾:the best/second … + that

有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修飾:+ that

有who/which疑問詞:+ that(避免重複)

有the same/ such/ as修飾:一般+ as

(注意: ①第一個as是否為一個以as結尾的搭配,如regard…as;

②區分such…as(定從)與such …that“如此…以至於”)

(3)先行詞在定語從句中充當什麼成分?

注意:從句中spend後的“時間”,以及visit後的“地點”,不是狀語,而是賓語,應該用不定代詞

4、只能用that引導定語從句有哪些情況?

先行詞前為all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時;

先行詞前有:all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代詞修飾時;

先行詞被序數詞修飾時;

先行詞被形容詞最高階修飾時;

先行詞前only, just, very, last有等修飾時;

先行詞是表示人和物混雜的兩個名詞時;

主句是以who, which,開頭的疑問句或先行詞是疑問代詞時;

在修飾時間、地點等先行詞時,只有用that代替when, where等引導詞;

【例】I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.

Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?

先行詞為reason, way (意為“方法”)時,常用that 代替why,which, in which,也可省略。

引導詞在定語從句中作表語時,多用that引導。

先行詞是主句表語時;

【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.

當主語以there be 開頭時;

當先行詞是數詞時;

同一個複合句裡有兩個定語從句,一個用which,另一個通常用that。

5、reason後面用什麼引導?way 後面用什麼引導?

reason後面的定語從句用why引導。

way 後面定語從句用in which 或 that引導that可以省略。

6、when引導的定語從句等於什麼引導的定語從句?

when引導的定語從句等於介詞+ which引導的定語從句。

7、where 引導的定語從句等於什麼引導的定語從句?

where 引導的定語從句等於介詞+which引導的定語從句。

★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引導的定語從句在主謂一致問題上應注意什麼?

前者引導的定語從句謂語動詞用複數;後者用單數。

9、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句有和區別?

限制性定語從句是主句不可缺少的一個部分,缺少後主句意思不完整。非限制性定語從句是對主句的進一步說明,不要從句對主句意義無多大影響;非限制性定語從句前後有逗號隔開。而且非限制性定語從句中不能用that。

10、as 和which引導的非限制性定語從句在用法上有什麼區別?

as和 which 都可以引導非限制性定語從句.都可以代替主句中的整個內容或某一成分。

as 引導的非限制性定語從句可以位於句首,並常和know, see, expect等詞連用,意為:“正如……”,而which不能位於句首。

11、as 可以用於哪些結構中引導定語從句?

such... as; the same... as; so ..

12、the same…as和 the same…that 引導的定語從句如何區別?

the same…as 引導的定語從句指的是相同事物,強調同類。

the same…that引導的定語從句指的是同一物。

13、such…as …和 such…that…如何區分?

such…as…引導的是定語從句,as必須代替先行詞在其引導的從句中充當成分。

such…that…引導的從句是狀語從句,that只是引導從句並不在其引導的從句中充當成分,在選擇填空首先看從句中是否缺句子成分,如果缺成分就要考慮是定語從句;如果不缺成分就要考慮是狀語成分。

★14、whose 引導定語從句有那些注意點?

whose 作定語,後面跟名詞。一般有三種表示形式:

【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.

= This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.

= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.

★★★15、 “介詞 + 關係詞” 開頭的定語從句有哪幾種情況?

注意:引導定從的介詞後不能加who/that

(1)先行詞在從句中做狀語,用來替換when/where/why的:in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:

(2)“of所有格”: the+名詞+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名詞

(3)“某個範圍中的多少”: some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…

(4)偶爾可用“介詞+ whose”和“介詞+where”

  三、關係代詞引導的定語從句

關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的.人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

1、who指人,在從句中做主語

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

2、whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。

Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.

【注意】關係代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。

The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3、which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略

Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

4、that指人時,相當於who或者whom;指物時,相當於which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。

The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替:

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

=The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

(注意:the + 名詞 + of which/whom常考!)

四、介詞+關係代詞whom/which引導的定語從句(重點

關係代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時,從句常由介詞+關係代詞引導:

The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

=The school in which he once studied is very famous.

【注意】

1、含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

(1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)

(2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)

2、若介詞放在關係代詞前,關係代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時用which,不能用that;關係代詞是所有格時用whose

(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

(2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)

3、“介詞+關係代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代詞或者數詞,構成some of which/whom等類似結構引導的定語從句。(重點:常考!)

(1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.

(2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

在特定語境中,可以用“介詞+ whose/where”引導定語從句

The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.

 五、關係副詞引導的定語從句

1、when指時間,在定語從句中做時間狀語

when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)

(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2)The time when we got together finally came.

2、where指地點,在定語從句中做地點狀語

where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)

(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3、why指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語,此時先行詞常為reason。可變為for which(常考!)

why=for which

(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

【注意】關係副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關係代詞”引導的從句替換

(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.

(2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.

  賓語從句

  1.定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。

  2.構成:關聯詞+簡單句。

  3.引導賓語從句的關聯詞有三類:

  (1)從屬連詞that.如:

He told us that he felt ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。

I know he has returned.我知道他已經回來了。

注: that在引導賓語從句時也並不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。

ybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連線兩個賓語從句,that賓語從句放在and的後面時,that不能省略。)

大家都會看出所發生的事情並知道Tom非常害怕。

2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時,that不能省略。)

對他我一無所知,只知道他是南方人。

he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位於句首時,that不可省略。)

我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。

decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語,that不可省略。)

鑑於他的特殊情況,我們決定應允他一段試用期。

  (2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:

I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會成功。

I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。

(3)連線代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever

連線副詞 where,when,how,why.

如:

Who or what he was,Martin never learned.

他是什麼人?他是幹什麼的?馬丁根本不知道。

I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫信說什麼事。

I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我會告訴你我為什麼要你來。

You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。

1.介詞賓語從句

賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如:

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他對那天發生的事感到很不快。

I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。

I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說什麼。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.

你是否成功將主要取決於你做什麼和怎樣做。

有時介詞可以省略。如:

I don’t care (for)who marries him.我不管誰跟他結婚。

Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。

解釋:

1.如果賓語從句後還有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句後置。如:

We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他已表明他不會屈服。

 2.作介詞的賓語:連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語,只用在except,but,in後。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導,則需用it先行一步,作形式賓語。如:

He is a good student except that he is careless.

他是一個好學生,只是有點粗心。

You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會幫助你的。

介詞賓語不可以用which來引導,而要用what來引導。如:

Are you sorry for what you’ve done?

你為你所做的一切感到內疚嗎?

 3.某些形容詞或過去分詞後常接賓語從句,這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。如:

I am not sure what I ought to do.

我不能確定我該做什麼。

I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.

恐怕你沒領會我說的意思。

I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.

我好奇怪,我以前沒看到過。

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。

  4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句

if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,if一般不與or not連用。如:

I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。

用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義,應避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:

Please let me know if you want to go.

Please let me know whether you want to go.

if從句可理解為賓語從句,意為“請告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話,請告訴我一聲”。

  5.賓語從句的否定轉移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞後的賓語從句,有時謂語儘管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動詞變為否定形式。如:

I don’t think you are right.我認為你錯了。

I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。

I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?

6.賓語從句的時態變化規律:

(1)當主句是一般現在時態時,從句可根據需要用任何時態。

(2)當主句是一般過去時態時,從句只能使用過去範圍內的任何時態。但客觀真理除外。如:

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

老師說地球繞著太陽執行。