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(一) 當主語是單數可數名詞、不可數名詞、(疑問詞+)to do結構、動詞-ing形式、主語從句、複合不定代詞、表單位數量的時間、距離、金錢、重量、複數形式的學科名詞(physics, politics)、國家或組織名稱(the United States, the United Nations)等,謂語動詞常用單數。
提示:what引導的主語從句所指的具體內容是複數意義時,謂語動詞一般用複數形式。 (如:What we need are good doctors. 我們需要的是好醫生。)
如果強調數目,謂語動詞用複數。如:More than twenty years have passed since we graduated. 我們畢業後已經過了二十多年。
【考例1】
All the scientific evidence _____ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____ damaging our health.
A. show; are B. shows; are
C. show; is D. shows; is
解析:D。evidence與use在句中均為不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數形式。
【考例2】
Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _____ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A. keeps B. keep
C. have kept D. had kept
解析:A。Walmart屬於專有名詞,謂語應用單數形式。
(二) 在“名詞/代詞+介賓結構+謂語+……”結構中,謂語動詞與名詞/代詞保持一致,介賓結構看作修飾成分。該結構中的`常見介詞及短語介詞有with/together with/along with/as well as/like/rather than/but/except/besides / including / in addition to等。
【考例】
The famous musician, as well as his students, _____ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
A. were invited B. was invited
C. have been invited D. has been invited
解析:B。主語為The famous musician,as well as…起修飾作用,根據2012 Taipei Flower Expo可知,描述的是過去的事,因此用一般過去時。
(三) “all/a lot/plenty/part/the rest/most /分數/百分數+of+名詞/代詞”作主語時,謂語動詞單複數形式一般取決於of後的名詞或代詞的數。表示複數概念用複數動詞,表示單數概念用單數動詞。
【考例1】
The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _____ saved for other purposes.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
解析:D。which指代前面的the raw materials,為複數形式,因此謂語動詞用複數。本句描述過去的事情,因此應用一般過去時。
【考例2】
One-third of the country _____ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _____ black people.
A. is; are B. is; is
C. are; are D. are; is
解析: A。the majority of+可數名詞複數結構作主語時,謂語動詞常用複數形式。
(四)a number of/an average of/a total of等+可數名詞複數構成短語作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式;而the number of/the average of/the total of等+名詞構成短語作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式;
“a great(large)/small number of,many,a few,few, a good(great) many, dozens of, scores of+可數名詞複數”結構作主語時,謂語動詞應用複數。
a little, little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of一般只修飾不可數名詞,其謂語動詞用單數形式。(如:A great deal of petrol is wasted. )
【考例1】
The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _____ rising steadily since 1990.
A. is B. are
C. has been D. have been
解析:C。本句的主語為The number of…結構。
【考例2】
Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry.
A. is working B. works
C. work D. worked
解析:C。句中a large number of…作主語,意為“大量的……”。
(五)“one of+複數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式。但“one of+複數名詞”結構後接定語從句時,從句中的謂語動詞用複數形式;而在“the only/ right/ very one of+名詞+關係代詞+從句謂語”結構中,從句謂語動詞用單數。
【考例1】
Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ____ evening dress.
A. wear B. wears
C. has worn D. have worn
解析:B。從句先行詞為the only one of the women,從句謂語動詞用單數。
【考例2】
At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport ____ that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.
A. is B. are C. will be D. was
解析:A。該句是one of...結構充當主語。
(六) pairs of/amounts of/quantities of...等構成短語作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式; a pair of(表示一雙,一條時)/an amount of / a series of構成短語作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數形式。
【考例1】
— Why does the lake smell terrible?
— Because large quantities of water _____.
A. have polluted B. is being polluted
C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
解析: D。該句是quantities of構成的短語作主語,所以謂語動詞用複數形式。
【考例2】
As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
解析:B。 a number of後通常接可數名詞複數,該句desert是不可數名詞, a large quantity of後面接可數名詞複數或不可數名詞;a quantity of後面加的desert為不可數名詞,所以謂語動詞用單數形式。
(七) and連線並列主語表示同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數形式,表示不同概念時謂語動詞常用複數形式。
【考例1】
A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
解析:A。句意:一位詩人兼藝術家明天下午要給我們做關於中國文學和繪畫的報告。該題由and連線兩個名詞作主語,但第二個名詞前沒有冠詞,因此指的是同一人,故謂語用單數形式。注意:由and連線的兩個帶冠詞單數名詞,表示複數概念時,謂語動詞用複數形式。如: The tenth and the last chapter were written by his father.
【考例2】
Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____ yet.
A. hasn’t been decided B. haven’t decided
C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
解析:A。 when and where指的是“做講座的時間和地點”這一個概念,可用單數形式。由yet可知應用完成時態。
【注意】如表示不同的概念,則要用複數。如:When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
(八) cattle/police/people/clothes/goods以及複數可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常用複數形式。
(九)單複數同形的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常根據句意來確定。常見的這類詞有deer / fish / means / sheep / species / works等。如: All means have been tried. 各種手段都試過了。 One means is still to be tried. 還有一種手段尚待一試。
(十)主語是集合名詞family / government / public / audience等,表示強調整體時謂語動詞用單數,如強調個體謂語動詞用複數。
考點二、謂語動詞的形式與鄰近的名詞一致
(一) either…or…/neither…nor…/not only…but also…/not…but…/or等連線並列主語時,謂語動詞單複數由最靠近它的主語決定;
(二)在倒裝句中,謂語動詞單複數由其後面的主語決定。
【考例1】
Either you or one of your students ____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. be
解析:B。該句主語由either…or…連線,根據就近一致原則,謂語動詞與one of your students保持一致。
【考例2】
—Is everyone here?
—Not yet... Look, there _____ the rest of our guests!
A. come B. comes
C. is coming D. are coming
解析:A。 此倒裝句中,謂語動詞單複數由其後面的主語the rest of our guests決定。 D項形式為“進行”,實際表示“將來”,不符合題意。
考點三、常見固定格式的主語
(一) 由 (each)..., (every)..., many a (many a )..., no... and (no)...等結構作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。如:
【考例】
— Did you go to the show last night?
— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ____invited.
A. were B. have been
C. has been D. was
解析:D。 and連線並列名詞並且被every等修飾時,謂語動詞用單數形式。該句描述過去的事情,所以用一般過去時。
(二) many a(n)+單數名詞及more than one+單數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;而more+複數名詞+than+one作主語時,謂語動詞用複數;one or two +複數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式; a + 單數名詞 + or two作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數形式。
如: One or two reasons were suggested. 提出了一兩條理由。 A day or two is enough. 一兩天就夠了。
【考例】
It is reported that many a new house ____ at present in the disaster area.
A. are being built B. were being built
C. was being built D. is being built
解析:D。many a修飾主語,謂語動詞用單數。再根據at present可知“正在被修建”,應該用現在進行時的被動語態。