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考研英語翻譯衝刺掌階段的轉換技巧

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在考研英語翻譯中,英譯漢時常常有必要改變表達方式,使譯文通順流暢、地道可讀,這種變通技巧就是轉換法。小編為大家精心準備了考研英語翻譯衝刺掌階段的轉換祕訣,歡迎大家前來閱讀。

考研英語翻譯衝刺掌階段的轉換技巧

  考研英語翻譯衝刺掌握五種轉換技巧

一、詞類轉換

詞類轉換是指英語中的某一詞類譯成漢語時轉換成另一詞類。

(一)英語名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉換為漢語動詞

(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此,對於一個從事社會活動的人來講,培養一種愛好和新的情趣方式,乃是至關重要的對策。

(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風英勇前進。

(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise.大家都沒有認識到這番經驗卻是一次個性的考驗,最初的興奮過去以後,又覺得自己已經幹得不錯了,理應受到讚揚。

(4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid.她到車站不一會兒,他便出現在她的身旁,聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方,表情嚴峻。

(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.然而,對所有這兩種型別的人來說,變換一下看法、改變一下環境和轉換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。

(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯亞,她接到了父親去世並由她本人繼承王位的訊息。

(二)英語動詞、副詞轉換為漢語名詞、形容詞

(1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain.炎症的特點是紅、腫、熱、痛。

(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天,來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。

(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關心海外華僑。

(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關係,有一個特點,就是以禮相待。

(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數間諜衛星,按其設計,是在完成使命後,在大氣層中焚燬。

(三)英語名詞轉換為漢語形容詞、副詞

(1) He added: "I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說:"我理解並尊重他們的看法,但我深信我的決定是正確的。"

(2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。

二、句子成分轉換

句子成分轉換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時轉換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語之間展開。例如:

(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會上人們常常可以看出大人物和無名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語轉換為表語;謂語轉換為主語)

(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由於害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領導,他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語轉換為賓語,賓語轉換為主語)

(3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能幹、熱情,總是想方設法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語轉換為謂語)

(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮靜,一時卻又找不出話可說。(主語轉換為賓語,賓語轉換為主語)

(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個人還有那麼點詩意呢。(主語轉換為賓語;介詞賓語轉換為主語)

三、表達方式轉換

英漢兩種語言在表達方式上往往因角度不同而異。要克服這些差異,翻譯時也就常有必要把一種表達方式轉換為另一種表達方式,使譯文符合漢語表達習慣。

(一)英語中有一些計量詞,如score, dozen, decade, quarter等,在漢語中沒有相應的表達方式,所以在漢譯時得對其加以轉換。例如:

(1) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

100年以前,一位偉大的美國人簽署瞭解放宣言,我們現在就站在他象徵性的庇廕中。

(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.

那5分鐘內,有18架飛機湧進了機場。

(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.

87年前,我們的先輩在這個大陸上建立了一個新的國家。

(4) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years.

在17年中,他們生了12個孩子,6男6女。

(二)由於英漢兩種語言在表述角度上不盡相同,翻譯時常常有必要轉換角度,才能使意思明白清楚、表達自然。例如:

(1) She has been a widow only for six months.

她丈夫死了至今才不過半年。

(原文是從妻子的角度加以陳述的,而譯文是從丈夫的角度加以陳述的。如果不改變表達方式,而搬用原來的表達方式,那譯文就是:"她只當了6個月的寡婦。"這就會給人以錯覺:她很快就改嫁了。)

(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?

──Yes, there is a 10% discount.

──按月計算有什麼優惠嗎?

──有,可以打9折。

四、自然語序與倒裝語序轉換

句子的自然語序是主語在前,謂語在後。倒裝語序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語中使用倒裝語序,主要是為了加強語氣、突出重點、平衡句子結構等;而漢語中使用倒裝語序相對較少,所以英譯漢時,常常得將倒裝語序轉換為自然語序。例如:

(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑開了。

(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上來了。

五、正面表達與反面表達轉換

由於思維方式的不同,英語中有些從正面表達的東西在漢語中習慣從反面來表達;而有些從反面來表達的東西在漢語中則習慣從正面來表達。因此,英譯漢時常常有必要進行轉換。這就是通常所說的"正說反譯、反說正譯"法。英語正面表達這裡指的是不帶否定詞no, not , never否定字首non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定字尾-less等的句子,漢語正面表達則是指不帶"不"、"沒"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "無"、 "莫"、"勿"、"別"等否定詞語的句子;反之則是反面表達。

(一)英語正面表達轉換為漢語反面表達

frost-free refrigerator無霜冰箱

Freeze!別動!

Wet paint!油漆未乾!

mortally ill 不治之症

(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項建議差點通不過。

(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信,年輕一代將不會辜負我們的信任。

(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San nce. Silence. Silence.他到一個戶外公用電話亭,先給芝加哥、又給紐約、舊金山打了電話。

(4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作為居住的地方,這裡有許多不足之處,但作為改革性的新飛機祕密訓練基地,卻是非常理想的。因為它地處邊陲,人們不易發覺其中的活動。

(5) The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.然而,縈繞心頭的畫面,那些一經嗅到玫瑰花香或新鮮乾草的氣息便會倏地闖入記憶的情景,其實並不複雜。

(6) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡,一面翻開油墨未乾的晨報,看了起來。

(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我總不懂父親為什麼對那些脾氣跟他不一樣的人採取那麼個態度。

(8) Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遺憾的是,愛德華未能看見新教堂就去世了,但是他那幽雅的墳墓和嗣後的英國國王和王后的墳墓還都留在那裡。

(二)英語反面表達轉換為漢語正面表達

(1) You can't be too careful.你要特別小心。

(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。

(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.這類飛行遲早會被人發覺的。

(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking,damped-down coal stove, but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐漏出,人體可以忍受一些時候,但人昏迷之後,不用很久就會死亡。

(5) But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是,萊溫斯基和總統之間究竟發生了什麼事,另外一個故事,即家史,最終對解開這個謎十分重要。

(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective,unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities, our political strengths and economic advantages, and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持這種可靠性需要以下客觀的、明確的事實來對付潛在的對手:我們達到平衡的軍事能力、我們的政治實力和經濟優勢以及我們必要時使用這些手段進行自衛的毫不含糊的決心。

  考研英語作文:必備19個經典話題素材

▲正直誠實

好處:

1、enable honest person to succeed in work and life. (獲得成功)

2、to work honestly to attain one’s life goal. (實現人生目標)

3、to enhance reputation of a country.

▲堅持:(成功)

1、No accomplishment can be achieved in a short time, and success needs efforts.

2、Success is founded on the basis of patient pursuit +定語從句

Olympic game

好處:

1、it can be a tremendous momentum pushing the country’s development

2、When equipped with willingness, spurring people to overcome any difficulty and conquer any challenge.

▲獻愛心

好處、意義:

1、Contributing money and other necessities to people in need is a goal way to express human love. It reflects the sense of social responsibility.

2、It also expresses a feeling from deep with one’s heart.

▲人生價值

該類別主要包括:創新、 勇氣、 奮鬥、 勤儉 、高瞻遠矚、 奉獻、 浪費、 社會公德 、幸福觀 、勇敢 、得與失、 正直誠實、 持之以恆 、拼搏的`奧運精神 、讀書。

1、To be fair and upright; honest person;

2、economical and simple life; to learn to be frugal;

3、success derives from persistence; Olympic motto, read more books

▲情感友誼、團隊合作、讓座 鄰里、獻愛心

1、show love; provide assistance to others; teamwork and cooperation; selflessly offering help

2、contributing money and other necessities to people who are in great need

Eager to donate money to charity

▲交流文化

該類別主要包括:中西方文化、 民族文化、 老外過春節 、老外學書法、 學英語、 城市發展與歷史傳承。

1、a balanced economic development is not necessarily accompanied by the sacrifice of history.

2、participating in the annual celebration of the Chinese spring festival

3、practicing Chinese calligraphy (書法)

4、cultural exchanges; acquire better understanding of each other;the traditional Chinese culture.

5、pass down culture habit and treasure; absorb and assimilate traditional culture; reserve and spread brilliant diverse culture; be under the threat of extinction; be in great danger

好處:

1、cultural exchanges can enhance international friendship.

2、people can acquire better understanding of each other.

3、can also greatly benefit the countries and stimulate their own social development and culture prosperity.

▲教育

1、in my opinions, there needs to be a comprehensive renovation in the educational system in which new educational concepts are introduced.

2、only by new teaching methods can we cultivate children into talents and elites who will meet the requirements of our society.

▲繁榮、人口問題、解決問題

1、thrive/boom/flourish/blossom

2、the awareness of struggling for one’s life is essential to the young man

3、parents indulge children in consumption with an objective outlook on money

▲身體健康、鍛鍊、心理問題、減肥

1、 to develop good health

2、 to keep regular exercise

3、 to make more contributions to the society

4、 to make do with bad diet

5、 to neglect sports and exercise

▲職業道德及素質類

該類別主要包括:虛假宣傳、假冒偽劣產品、排隊、鼓掌、文明言行、文明交通、謙虛、寬容、醫患矛盾、藥品回扣誠信、豆腐渣、家庭作坊衛生、跳槽與商業機密。

1、the sanitation problem of family workshops

2、the promise of one’s own responsibility is like a method of cheating, and is quit against professional morals(職業道德)

3、low-quality products

4、the ignorance of sanitation

5、short of occupational disciplines

6、the false commercial advertising and promotion

▲家庭關係

該類別主要包括:家庭關係、 養老、 啃老。

Young people are used to relying financially on their families

▲交通事故

Traffic accidents have long been a problem and are becoming a severe problem

原因:

1、many drivers are forced to drive days and nights

2、a lot of people drive after drinking alcohol

▲城市發展與歷史傳承

1、a balanced economic development is not accompanied by sacrifice of history.

2、historical sites are the treasure of our country’s glorious past. We must figure out a win-win method to promote sustainable development while retaining our cultural heritage.

▲工作就業前途

該類別主要包括:高薪、 加班、技能、學歷、自立自強、創業。

1、to display talent and capability;

2、to be of real service to fellowmen and the country;

3、to feel guilty in front of parents and family supporters;

4、to encounter discrimination on the basis of sex or height or even birthplace;

5、to despise jobs of lower social status and less income;

6、to avoid the possibility of working in the rural areas

7、to find (searchhunt) the right career;

▲環境保護、動植物保護

該類別主要包括:保護森林、水汙染、汽車尾氣、沙塵暴、溫室效應、節約資源、垃圾汙染。

1、the exhaustion of resources;

2、pollution from industrial production transform many clean rivers into undrinkable water.

3、the convenience brought by cars, their harmful impact on the atmosphere.

4、garbage output, such as plastics and glass.

5、deforestation Global warming, current greenhouse effect remains out of control

6、human exploitation of natural resources

▲“問題”學生

該類別主要包括:教育、上網成癮、上網交友、青少年犯罪、 個人隱私、出國留學、 知識學術欺詐、 望子成龍, 拔苗助長、 應試教育素質教育 、考試作弊 、相互攀比、 名牌、 浪費、 課業負擔、 戀愛 、兼職 、佔座、 8090後 、富二代、 校園旅遊 、教育平等 、獨生子女、 農民工子女、 創新 、迷信、 溺愛(spoiled)。

1、To concentrate limited resources on creative talents, or elite;

2、Enable students to possess better job skill;

3、prepare students for future employment;

4、to enhance the quality of population;

5、to promote scientific and technological level;

6、 to prepare one for a better and more meaningful life rather than a job;

7、one-child policy

8、migrant workers(農民工);

9、impartial education opportunities

10、overwhelming homework;

11、quality education(素質教育)

12、a comprehensive renovation

▲人口增長、 人口質量、養老與老齡化、 性別比例

1、population aging; outdated and abandoned; to improve the living condition of the aging population ; to respect and appreciate the aged; to provide safety and happiness

2、the number of males outweighs that of females;the population growth is almost out of control, the humans to live is increasingly circumscribed.

▲社會熱點

該類別主要包括: 建立和諧社會、 學術造假 、可持續發展、 抗爭救災眾志成城、 交通旅遊 、國際化、 堵車 、寵物、 農業 、酒後/疲勞駕車 、黃金週旅遊。

1、traffic jams(堵車);the successful launch of the shenzhou-6 spaceship, our national strength and scientific competency.

2、traffic accidents; drive days and night with little rest; drive after drinking alcohol

3、to keep domestic animals; to make family life more colorful and rich; to develop sense of responsibility and caring;

4、to make people feel closer to the natural world; to spread disease and pollute living environment; to waste time and money; to scare and hurt people, kid and the aged alike

▲法律等

該類別主要包括:合法致富、 經濟發展、 科技發展、 網路、 電子交通、 傳媒、 動車。

1、get rich by legal means; be entitled to wealth and prosperity; stimulate people into hard working; reduce the gap;

2、help the poor with better opportunities; make big money illegally; make this society insecure

網路好處:1、share individual viewpoints and insights; enable better and more efficient interpersonal communication;

2、enjoy equal right t personal opinion; 網路壞處:1、reveal and spread rumors; occupy and waste net space; follow trend and fashion; ( help distinguish between right and wrong;

2、offer proper guidance; check and restrict unhealthy content; create a clean and safe environment; mislead children by indecent content.

  考研英語詞彙考查的四個要點

《全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語考試大綱》明確規定:除掌握詞彙的基本含義外,考生還應掌握詞彙之間的詞義關係,如同義詞、近義詞、反義詞等;掌握詞彙之間的搭配關係,如動詞與介詞、形容詞與介詞、形容詞與名詞等;掌握詞彙生成的基本知識,如詞源、詞根、詞綴等。

那麼,考試大綱的這些要求究竟指的是什麼呢?考研英語對於詞彙的要求有四個維度:

1.基本含義,即單詞的基本詞典釋義;

2.詞義關係,指的是單詞的同義詞、近義詞以及反義詞等,這裡就要求我們考生在平時的複習中要注意同類單詞的歸納總結,因為在英語知識應用以及閱讀理解中,會經常考查詞義辨析;

3.搭配關係,指的是動詞與介詞、形容詞與介詞、形容詞與名詞等的搭配規則,這一點的會在英語知識應用、閱讀理解、翻譯以及作文會考查,所以同學們一定要注重對於固定搭配的積累;

4.詞彙生成的基本知識,這是這四項中最"高階的"一點。

可能這一點對很很多同學來說有點陌生,我們在這裡就詳細的解釋一下:雖然英語屬於印歐語系漢語屬於漢藏語系,但是這兩種古老的語言還是有很多相同之處:構詞法。

中文當中有偏旁部首;類似,英語有詞根詞綴。一個單詞是由字首,詞根以及字尾這三要素構成的。並且26個英語字母以及很多英語單詞都是有一定的來源的。

英語這種語言也並不是生來就有的,它也是逐步演變發展過來的。英語的起源可以追溯至公元前3000年左右古埃及人使用象形文字,後來腓尼基人以埃及象形文字為基礎,創造了腓尼基語的字母表。

公元前1000年左右,古希臘人又以腓尼基語的字母表創造了從左至右書寫的24個字母的字母表。Alphabet的詞源即為希臘語的alpha(a)beta(B)。羅馬字字母表後來給現在的英語字母添加了讀音。所以我們現在見到的很多英語單詞、詞根詞綴都是由希臘語、拉丁語演變過來的。

考試大綱中的這第四個維度對我們考生提出了更高的要求。它要求我們考生不僅要了解單詞的釋義、用法,還要了解單詞的來源和詞根詞綴,不僅要知其然,還要知其所以然。

針對考試大綱中的這點要求,我們可以利用詞根詞綴法來記憶單詞,比如,詞根sent的意思是:感覺,由該詞根構成的一些詞,如assent:同意[v/n]。[as-(字首:加強,一再)];dissent:不同意[dis-(字首:否定)];resent:反感,厭惡[re-(字首:反)]。

只要同學們掌握了常用的116個字首字尾以及一定量的詞根,那麼就能把繁瑣的詞彙學習簡單化,提高詞彙學習的效率,在短期內快速的記住大量的單詞。所以詞根詞綴記憶法決定是我們考研英語單詞複習的不二選擇。

所以我們在複習的時候,一定要從單詞的基本詞義,它的同義、近義詞和反義詞,以及它的固定搭配和詞根詞綴這些方面入手。

考研英語大綱的詞彙表自2005年起取消了單詞的中文釋義,大大加大了對單詞的考查力度和難度。比如absorb這個單詞,2004年的包含中文釋義的考研英語大綱是這麼規定的:absorbv。吸收;吸收,使專心;beabsorbedin專心於。

那麼2004年之前(包括2004年)的考研英語試卷中對於absorb這個單詞的考查也只侷限在它的這幾個意思和用法中,而2005年的考研英語大綱取消了所有單詞的中文釋義,也就是說,自2005年起,考研英語大綱中只列出了光禿禿的5500個單詞,並未對其進行任何的中文解釋說明和備註。

這意味著這5500個單詞的2005年考綱中單詞的這種變化對於這個考研英語來說意義深遠。實際上,每個單詞的意義和用法都是多樣的,它包含的都不僅僅是我們經常見到的那一兩層意思和用法,考試大綱中的這種調整就意味著大綱中所列的5500個單詞的任何一層釋義和任何一種用法都可能被考到了。

拿absorb這個單詞來說,它的意思有:"吸收;吸引;理解;專心於;承擔,承受"。我們平時熟知的absorb是"吸收;吸引;理解;專心於",此外還應該掌握它的"承擔,承受"的意思,因為真題中便是這樣考查的:

①Peopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere。(2006年TEXT1)

人們沉迷於由19世紀百貨商店所創造的"消費文化"中,這類商店"在一種優雅的環境中供應琳琅滿目的商品"。

此處考察的是短語beabsorbedinto:吸引,使全神貫注

②Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome。(2007年TEXT3)與此同時,家庭成員的退休收入也要承擔更多風險。

此處考察的absorb的意思是:v。承擔,承受

③Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer。(2007年PartCTranslation)

通過學習與思考法律來提高判斷力是記者為其職業生涯進行知識儲備時應有的組成部分。

此處考察的absorb的意思是:v。理解,學習

通過上述例子,我們發現2005年之後的考試英語更側重對詞義深度的考查,尤其是那些我們平時所不熟知的詞義,我們把這些意思稱之為是"僻義"。所以我們在平時的複習中一定要加強對考研英語單詞"僻義"的重視程度。

綜上所述,同學們在平時的單詞複習中要以詞根詞綴法為總綱,複習時注重對單詞的基本詞義、近義詞及反義詞、以及固定搭配等。同時一定要注意對單詞的"僻義"的重視!