我們在進行考研英語的衝刺階段時，需要把翻譯的轉換技巧掌握好。小編為大家精心準備了考研英語翻譯衝刺的轉換方法，歡迎大家前來閱讀。
一、詞類轉換
詞類轉換是指英語中的某一詞類譯成漢語時轉換成另一詞類。
(一)英語名詞、介詞、形容詞或副詞轉換為漢語動詞
(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，對於一個從事社會活動的人來講，培養一種愛好和新的情趣方式，乃是至關重要的對策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.紅軍冒著刺骨的寒風英勇前進。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大家都沒有認識到這番經驗卻是一次個性的考驗，最初的興奮過去以後，又覺得自己已經幹得不錯了，理應受到讚揚。
(4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到車站不一會兒，他便出現在她的身旁，聽見他喘息的聲音。她凝視著前方，表情嚴峻。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.然而，對所有這兩種型別的人來說，變換一下看法、改變一下環境和轉換一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯亞，她接到了父親去世並由她本人繼承王位的訊息。
(二)英語動詞、副詞轉換為漢語名詞、形容詞
(1) The inflammation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎症的特點是紅、腫、熱、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，來訪的客人和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關心海外華僑。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關係，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數間諜衛星，按其設計，是在完成使命後，在大氣層中焚燬。
(三)英語名詞轉換為漢語形容詞、副詞
(1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他還說："我理解並尊重他們的看法，但我深信我的決定是正確的。"
(2) They came back game and glee.他們興高采烈地回來了。
二、句子成分轉換
句子成分轉換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時轉換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語之間展開。例如：
(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在雞尾酒會上人們常常可以看出大人物和無名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。(主語轉換為表語;謂語轉換為主語)
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由於害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領導，他似乎完全喪失了自信。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。(主語轉換為賓語，賓語轉換為主語)
(3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他們樂觀、能幹、熱情，總是想方設法使你一路上順利舒適。(狀語轉換為謂語)
(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她還沒有完全失去鎮靜，一時卻又找不出話可說。(主語轉換為賓語，賓語轉換為主語)
(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是這種出人意料的言論使我喜歡上了上校。他這個人還有那麼點詩意呢。(主語轉換為賓語;介詞賓語轉換為主語)
三、表達方式轉換
英漢兩種語言在表達方式上往往因角度不同而異。要克服這些差異，翻譯時也就常有必要把一種表達方式轉換為另一種表達方式，使譯文符合漢語表達習慣。
(一)英語中有一些計量詞，如score， dozen， decade， quarter等，在漢語中沒有相應的表達方式，所以在漢譯時得對其加以轉換。例如：
(1) Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand， signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
100年以前，一位偉大的美國人簽署瞭解放宣言，我們現在就站在他象徵性的庇廕中。
(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.
那5分鐘內，有18架飛機湧進了機場。
(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.
87年前，我們的先輩在這個大陸上建立了一個新的國家。
(4) They had a dozen children， six boys and six girls， in seventeen years.
在17年中，他們生了12個孩子，6男6女。
(二)由於英漢兩種語言在表述角度上不盡相同，翻譯時常常有必要轉換角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表達自然。例如：
(1) She has been a widow only for six months.
她丈夫死了至今才不過半年。
(原文是從妻子的角度加以陳述的，而譯文是從丈夫的角度加以陳述的。如果不改變表達方式，而搬用原來的表達方式，那譯文就是："她只當了6個月的寡婦。"這就會給人以錯覺：她很快就改嫁了。)
(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?
──Yes， there is a 10% discount.
──按月計算有什麼優惠嗎?
──有，可以打9折。
四、自然語序與倒裝語序轉換
句子的自然語序是主語在前，謂語在後。倒裝語序主要是指主謂倒裝。英語中使用倒裝語序，主要是為了加強語氣、突出重點、平衡句子結構等;而漢語中使用倒裝語序相對較少，所以英譯漢時，常常得將倒裝語序轉換為自然語序。例如：
(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑開了。
(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上來了。
五、正面表達與反面表達轉換
由於思維方式的不同，英語中有些從正面表達的東西在漢語中習慣從反面來表達;而有些從反面來表達的東西在漢語中則習慣從正面來表達。因此，英譯漢時常常有必要進行轉換。這就是通常所說的"正說反譯、反說正譯"法。英語正面表達這裡指的是不帶否定詞no， not ， never否定字首non-， in-， im-， ir-， dis-和否定字尾-less等的句子，漢語正面表達則是指不帶"不"、"沒"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "無"、 "莫"、"勿"、"別"等否定詞語的句子;反之則是反面表達。
(一)英語正面表達轉換為漢語反面表達
frost-free refrigerator無霜冰箱
Freeze!別動!
Wet paint!油漆未乾!
mortally ill 不治之症
(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.這項建議差點通不過。
(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我們相信，年輕一代將不會辜負我們的信任。
(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago， then New York， then San nce. Silence. Silence.他到一個戶外公用電話亭，先給芝加哥、又給紐約、舊金山打了電話。
(4) As a place to live， it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane， it was an excellent site， its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作為居住的地方，這裡有許多不足之處，但作為改革性的新飛機祕密訓練基地，卻是非常理想的。因為它地處邊陲，人們不易發覺其中的活動。
(5) The pictures that linger in his mind， called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay， are of a simpler nature.然而，縈繞心頭的畫面，那些一經嗅到玫瑰花香或新鮮乾草的氣息便會倏地闖入記憶的情景，其實並不複雜。
(6) As he sipped his coffee， he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡，一面翻開油墨未乾的晨報，看了起來。
(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我總不懂父親為什麼對那些脾氣跟他不一樣的人採取那麼個態度。
(8) Sadly， Edward died before he could see the new church， but his beautiful tomb is still there， with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遺憾的是，愛德華未能看見新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的墳墓和嗣後的英國國王和王后的墳墓還都留在那裡。
(二)英語反面表達轉換為漢語正面表達
(1) You can't be too careful.你要特別小心。
(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.這些事件引起了我們的重視。
(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.這類飛行遲早會被人發覺的。
(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove， but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐漏出，人體可以忍受一些時候，但人昏迷之後，不用很久就會死亡。
(5) But there is another story， a family saga， that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是，萊溫斯基和總統之間究竟發生了什麼事，另外一個故事，即家史，最終對解開這個謎十分重要。
(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective，unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities， our political strengths and economic advantages， and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持這種可靠性需要以下客觀的、明確的事實來對付潛在的對手：我們達到平衡的軍事能力、我們的政治實力和經濟優勢以及我們必要時使用這些手段進行自衛的毫不含糊的決心。
考研英語衝刺如何用好作文模板Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
大家肯定對這道題十分熟悉。按照大作文評分標準中的“內容完整”，我們需要將大作文寫成3段話：第一段“描述圖畫”;第二段“闡述寓意”;第三段“個人評論”。這三個要求根本不用去記，因為題目當中已經有了。
第一段的段落思路：“直觀評價、整體描述、細節描述、過渡句”。
第一句我們只需要對這幅圖畫進行直觀評價就可以了。可以寫成What an interesting picture it is! 怎麼記?只要記住這是一個感嘆句句式即可。第二句記憶的時候，弄清楚前後兩個非限制性定語從句。As is vividly depicted in the photo, a hot pot is boiling a lot of different things with much hot steam gushing, which successfully captures our eyes. 第三句可以寫成After a close watch, it is not difficult to find that many kinds of culture have been mixed in the same small hot pot, symbolizing the exchange of many different kinds of culture from all over the world. 在記憶的時候，只需記住是“狀語+it形式主語句+主幹”即可。Apparently, what the drawing has subtly conveyed deserves a further analysis. 這是最後一句，相信大家能立馬分清：這是主語從句。
接著看第二段。第二段的思路是：“關鍵句(總)、具體原因(分)、結果分析”。
例子：
Theoretically, the phenomenon presented by the drawing brings us both advantages and disadvantages. As for my part, the former outweighs its latter. On the top of list is that the same earth village could bring us much more commerce opportunities, which help the whole development of the world. In addition, there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is no doubt that more friendly cooperation from different countries may promote the development of diplomatic relations between countries. No other case can better illustrate the phenomenon than the picture above.
其實，第一句就是“主謂賓”的結構，後面的原因句子，“On the top of list is that...”是我們教大家的框架句子。“In addition, there is the other point that...”這樣的句式其實就是就是“There be +that從句”。
來看最後一段。段落思路是“關鍵句+具體建議+結尾句”。由於本題屬於“社會現象”，所以可以寫成以下段落。記憶這些句子時，注意句式：it形式主語句式、倒裝句等。
According to the analysis above, it is advisable for us to take steps to maximize its positive effects and minimize the disadvantages. Of all the steps, mass media tends to function essentially in the job. Only in this way can we make the best of the value of global communication between mass kinds of culture .
所以同學們在準備考研英語作文時一定要把握住每個段落的思路，每個句式的特點。一定要弄清楚每個句子怎麼構成的，只有先理解句子的語法構成，才能順利記住這些“神通廣大”的句子，並且將它們補齊寫成自己特有的亮點句子。
考研英語閱讀的重要詞彙1. authority 權威，當局
Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.
墨西哥當局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。
One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.
一位權威人士說道，這些極其強大的精神事件不但可以約束，還可以有意識地進行控制。
2. equivalent 等價物
The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.
該數字證書可以成為一個"自願受信身份"系統，從而成為物理金鑰、指紋以及身份證的高科技等價物。
3. alternative 替代物
They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
他們更願意握緊自己的錢包，把在家吃飯作為一種現實的替代。
4. substitute 代替物
Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.
忠誠的音樂會愛好者回答道，唱片並不能`1代替現場表演。
5. community 具有共性的人 (社群，…屆)
The approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.
該方法能夠在網路空間建一個"有牆的花園"，具有安全的"鄰里關係"以及明亮的"街燈"，從而創造出一種安全社群的意識。
6. transaction 交易
The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.
個人和組織能夠充滿信任地完全線上交易。
7. mentality 心態
It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet "driver's license" mentality.
該計劃看來明顯是一個最初的推斷，最終將形成一種英特網強制性"駕駛執照"的心態。
8. skepticism 懷疑
The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.
該方案也遭到了電腦安全專家的懷疑。
History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.
歷史和新聞變得令人困惑，人們開始產生一種懷疑與樂觀相混合的.印象。
9. executive 高階管理者
But Edward Dolman, the chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."
但是執行長愛德華·多爾曼說道："我完全相信現在已經是在底部了。"
10. irony 諷刺
This episode crystallizes the irony that, although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they rarely talk at home.
該情節體現出一種諷刺，那就是，籍貫美國男性在公共場合比女性說話多，但在家裡，他們很少說話。
11. preference 偏愛
The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out.
首先並且最重要的是消費者不斷增長的對外出就餐的偏愛。
12. predominance 優勢
Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.
不可避免的事，這種從優勢地位退下來的感覺是痛苦的。
13. pattern 圖案，模式
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
政治科學家安德魯·哈克在上世紀七十年代觀察到這一模式。
14. infrastructure 基礎設施
Big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence.
大型零售商在管理產品類別、物流、以及營銷智慧化方面，可以應用其規模、已有基礎設施和歷經考驗的技能，這是有利可圖的。
15. inequity 不公正
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.
在我自己的研究中，女性們對於丈夫的抱怨通常並非針對那些明顯的不公正，例如放棄職業來陪伴丈夫。
16. humanity 人類，人性
He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.
他的正在發表的一篇論文不僅暗示出某個人類群體會比其他群體更聰明，還解釋了這種現象產生的過程。
His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.
他主要關注的是人文學科：文學，語言，哲學等等。
17. revival 復活，復興
Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
卡杜斯的批判性評論有機會復活嗎?這看來很遙遠。
18. amateur 業餘愛好者
Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
另外，音樂評論中的業餘愛好者傳統在急劇衰退。
19. corporation 公司
Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.
公司應當採用這些方法來塑造新的慣例。
It's a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
這是一種自我檢查，其中包含責任、創造性自由和公司底線等問題。
20. economy 經濟，經濟體
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
富裕國家不像過去那麼依賴石油，因此對油價波動就不那麼敏感。
21. adolescent 青少年
Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
口香糖曾經主要是青少年購買，現在則經常出現在商業廣告中，用來使口氣清新，以及用來在餐後清潔牙齒。
22. juvenile青少年
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.
很多關於青少年違法原因的理論都把主要影響原因歸於個人或社會。
23. jury 陪審團
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.
很多美國人把陪審團制度看作關鍵民主價值的具體表現。
24. qualification 資格
There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.
有一個原則，那就是所有公民應當符合年齡和識字能力方面的最低資格要求。
25. specialization 專門化
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
專門化可以看作是對科學知識不斷積累的一種響應。
26. prerequisite 先決條件
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.
專業化使得博士學位成為成功學術生涯的先決條件。
27. connotation 內涵
The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
"業餘愛好者"一詞的確帶有這樣一種內涵，那就是，沒有完全整合進科學界的人不會分享其價值觀。
28. prospect 前景
Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱著歌蹦蹦跳跳地來到就業中心，心裡高興地想著這個慷慨的國家會讓你的收入翻番。
29. prosperity 繁榮
"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
"物質的核心"是美國藝術與科學研究院剛發表的一篇報告，這篇報告肯定了人文學科和社會科學對於美國自由民主的繁榮與安全的重要性，因此是值得表揚的。
30. intelligence 智力，智慧
Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
陪審團的職責曾經僅限於那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素養的人。
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
事實上，對於人工智慧的探索所獲得的結果是非常複雜的。
31. fitness 健康
But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
儘管存在一些反面的主張，事實上，笑對於身體健康幾乎沒有什麼影響。
32. seminar 討論會
He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.
他用了很多的周討論會來詳細說明觀察技術。
33. duty 職責
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
一些哲學家提出，權力作為職責與利益的交換的一部分，僅存在於契約中。
34. advocate 倡導(vt.) 倡導者(n.)
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
羅森博格令人信服地提出，廣告商很善於應用同伴壓力，公共健康倡導者應當向他們學習。
He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
他提倡思想自由和個人表達的自由。
35. benefactor 捐助者
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
這些捐助者在他們自己的領域很成功，他們想用自己的財富吸引那些在科學領域取得成功的人。
36. entrepreneur 企業家
These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.
這些突然崛起的企業家不可能通過金錢使自己的獎項具有諾貝爾獎那樣的威望。
37. chaos 混亂
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.
貝多芬的音樂總是從混亂過渡到秩序，彷彿秩序是至高無上的人類存在。
38. tension 張力
The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.
在人類學中，普遍性與特殊性之間的張力能夠產生大量研究結果。
39. obesity 肥胖
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.
很難對肥胖進行定義，這一事實受到的關注更多。
40. significance 重要性，意義
Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events
由於日常生活佔據了我們有意識的思想，因此我們並不總是會思考日常事件的情感意義。
41. institute 研究機構，(專門型)學院
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.
根據加拿大健康資訊研究院的統計，自1997年以來，醫療保險總體開銷中處方藥成本在大幅上升。
42. institution 制度，機構，機制
He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution.
他是那種與眾不同者，作為一個獨立於任何機構的科學家在工作。
There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
存在一種大批量交易，就是機構使用者付錢通過網站特許協議來解除大量的線上期刊。
The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
研究機構的發現一致地表明，所有國家的勞動者都可以通過工作培訓來獲得生產率的根本提高，從而大幅提高生活水平。
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.
如果不保護南方各州的制度，他們當時就不會簽署憲法。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
人們可以說，對任何社會機價值的衡量在於其擴大並提示經驗方面的效果，但這一效果並不屬於這些機制的最初動機。
Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other, and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.
馬林諾夫斯基把所有社會機制看成是相互聯絡的，並強調應當將所有社會或文化現象放在其完整的社會情境中進行研究。
43. intellectual 知識分子，知識的
It is intellectuals, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
反對知識的正是知識分子本身，而不是美國。
44. manuscript 手稿
When I set out to revise and update this book, the original manuscript was five years old.
當我在對這本書進行修改和更新時，最初的手稿已經存在五年之久了。
45. trait 特徵
The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
我們過高評估了關於才幹的特徵。
46. reference參考
In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had.
事實上，你可以嘗試對任何給定句子、影象或參考可以具有的意義或效果進行重建。
47. inference 推理
You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you.
你可以進行進一步推理，比如該文字對你具有何種重要性。
48. legacy 遺產
Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.
摩根的遺產也會得到馬克思主義人類學家的認可。
49. label 標籤
Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
技術的發展使得諸如颯拉、HM以及優衣庫這樣的大眾市場品牌能夠對市場趨勢快速反應，並更加準確地對需求進行預測。
50. vogue 流行
I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.
我將繼續講述西方文明中現在流行的體系特徵。
