第一講 詞類
一、 冠詞
【概念】
冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞或者名詞性短語的前面，表示名詞是特指還是泛指。
冠詞可以分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a / an)。
【你來練習】 an 用在母音音素前
____ university ____ upward trend ______ European
____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour
(一) 不定冠詞(a / an)的用法
1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前
1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.
2) [一個最近的調查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.
2. 表示一類人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
A dog is a common animal.
3. 不定冠詞用在事物的“單位”前，如時間、價格等意義的名詞前，表示“每一”。
1)le are suggested to do exercises . [至少一週兩次]
2)th experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]
4. 不定冠詞用於固定片語中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,
quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,
a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of
1)ssive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.
2)ity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.
5. 用於序數詞前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?
6. 抽象名詞具體化，被具體化的名詞要加不定冠詞
a surprise a success a pleasure
7. 用於固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of
(二) 定冠詞(the)的用法
1. 定冠詞特指，上文中已經提到過的人或者事物，或雙方明確所指的人或物前。
1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.
2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.
2. 定冠詞與可數名詞單數連用，表示一類人或者物。
1) [電腦] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.
2) [吸菸者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.
3. 定冠詞用於表示世界上獨一無二的事物或者自然現象名詞前
the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible
4. 定冠詞用在序數詞、形容詞最高階和表示方位的名詞前。
5. 用在樂器名稱前，特別是西洋樂器
但中國名族樂器和音樂名詞前不用冠詞
6. 用在姓氏複數形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”
7.用在年代，朝代，時代名詞前
8. 用於江河，海洋，湖泊，海峽，山脈，群島。
9. 用在習語中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way
【你來翻譯】
3) 最有效的方式
4) 有同樣經驗的人
5) 西遊記
6) 他是我最不想見的人。
(三) 零冠詞用法概述
1.表示泛指的複數名詞前,表示一類人或事物
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.
2.在季節、節日、星期、月份及三餐等名詞前
[吃早飯] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
3. 指職位、頭銜的詞
4. 在表示棋類或球類的名詞前
第二講 句子結構
Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure
1.主語：主語是一個句子的主體，一般位於句首，表示句子說的是什麼人或者什麼事情。一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動名詞或從句充當。
The girl is pretty.
He is a volunteer.
To see is to believe
Reading is useful.
What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.
2.謂語：說明主語做什麼，是什麼或者怎麼樣，由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構成.謂語在人稱和數的方面必須要和主語一致。
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He can speak English.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
3.賓語: 是動作，行為的物件，由名詞，代詞，短語，不定式，動名詞，從句充當.它和及物動詞一起說明主語做了什麼，在謂語之後。
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is a good guy.
注：直接賓語和間接賓語：英語中，一些及物動詞如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以帶兩個賓語。一個指人，叫間接賓語;一個指物，叫直接賓語。
