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下面有3篇短文，每篇短文後有5道題。請根據短文內容，為每題確定l個最佳選項。
第一篇
Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive (蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly.
With the possible exception of antibodies (抗體) passed during lactation (授乳期) , this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen (抗原) . Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (過敏源) , which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks.
An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位) , which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.
Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack.
31. What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A. The immune system's memory.
B. Immune troops eliminating intruders.
C. Bees flying around a hive.
C. A sea of microbes.
32. The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as_________.
A. self-tolerance.
B. balance.
C. harmony.
D. tolerance.
33. How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "non-self"?
A. Through an allergic response.
B. Through blood type.
C. Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
D. Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
34. Which of the following statement is true?
A. Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B. Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C. People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D. There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
35. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
B. One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.
C. The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D. The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and non-self.
第二篇
Wikipedia Imposes New Curbs (約束) on Editing Articles
Wikipedia, the famous online encyclopedia, is looking to impose more discipline with new restrictions on the editing of articles.
The latest changes come as Wikipedia tries to balance a need for credibility and a desire for openness. While anyone can still edit entries, the site is testing pages that won't register changes until they are approved by an experienced Wikipedia editor. If the site's users respond well to the test run, the new restrictions will apply to all entries for living people in the next few weeks.
The idea is to block the kind of vandalism( 故意破壞 )that has damaged some pages. In one of the most recent embarrassments, US Democratic Senators Robert Byrd was prematurely declared dead by the editors. Still, Wikipedia risks discouraging legitimate editing if restrictions on changes or additions become too burdensome, keeping articles from getting better or keeping up with events.
That may be especially true on more obscure pages with fewer active volunteers to approve edits e of the risks, Wikipedia has set the criteria for "experienced editor" status relatively s who are registered for a few days can give changes, said Jay Walsh, a spokesman for the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, which runs the site.
A more uniform system for filtering changes on Wikipedia represents a step back from the site's original philosophy, which called for creating the collective knowledge of volunteer editors without any major restrictions.
Some observers believe Wikipedia must continue tightening editing policies if it wants to gain credibility. "I'm just waiting for the other shoe to drop," said Erie Goldman, director of the High Tech Law Institute at the Santa Clara University School of Law. "My hope is that Wikipedia still exists and is still considered a useful site," Goldman said. "But it will be at that point a very tightly controlled site. It won't have that veneer (外表) of a site that anyone can contribute to. They haven't closed the drawbridge (吊橋) . People can still get in. But it keeps going up and up and up."
Separately, the Omidyar Network, a philanthropic (博愛的，慈善的 ) investment group started by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar, said on Tuesday it is committing $2 million over two years to the Wikimedia Foundation. Omidyar Network's grant will support Wikimedia's goals of bringing free educational content to people around the world and supporting more people to help create that content.
36. What is the latest change of Wikipedia?
A. Now not everybody can edit entries in Wikipedia.
B. Fewer restrictions will be posed on the edition of entries.
C. Some of the pages will not register changes without the approval of an experienced editor.
D. All entries for living people will not be edited from now on.
37. Which statement about Robert Byrd is false?
A. He is a member of American Democratic Party.
B. He is a member of the Senate.
C. He was wrongly declared dead by Wikipedia.
D. He used to edit entries in Wikipedia.
38. Why has Wikipedia set the criteria for "experienced editor" status relatively low?
A. Because experienced editors are rare.
B. Because a lot of people are interested in the editing of entries.
C. Because stricter criteria may discourage legitimate editing.
D. Because people receive no pay for their editing.
39. Which of the following statements about Wikipedia is true?
A. This is the fist time that Wikipedia imposes restrictions on the editing of entries.
B. People can still edit all the entries on the English site freely.
C. The current discipline imposed on the editing of articles is not strict so that it caused embarrassments.
D. Wikipedia is now firmly sticking to its original philosophy.
40. Pierre Omidyar is
A. a senator.
B. a spokesman of Wikipedia.
C. a university professor.
D. an enterpriser.
第三篇
Tightened Visa Regulations
According to South Korea's new visa regulations, native speakers of English in South Korea will be required to undergo criminal record checks, medical and drug tests, provide sealed academic transcripts ( 成績單 ) and have their university diplomas inspected. The Korea Times has reported the tightened regulations will affect an estimated 17,000 foreigners that hold E-2 visas--specifically for foreign language teachers.
The most controversial requirement is that English teachers residing (居住) outside South Korea will have to have an interview at a South Korean Embassy before taking up their teaching posts. For applicants living in remote areas in Canada, Australia or the US, this is an additional travel burden. Meanwhile, foreign teachers currently living in South Korea must leave the country after their one-year contracts and renew their visas by visiting a neighboring country and return without additional documentation (檔案證據).
The visa changes are a reaction to public concern about the suitability of some foreign teachers. A report from the South Korean Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development shows between 2001 and August of this year, 1,481 foreign language teachers have been caught for a range of offenses including forged (偽造的 ) degrees, visa violations and general lawbreaking.
But the changes are likely to slow up the supply of teachers to South Korea's English language education sector. According to Michael Duffy, manager of a teacher placement service in South Korea, applicants have to spend a few hundred dollars and several months on getting affidavits (書面陳述書) for documents. "South Koreahas put up too many hoops (圈) to jump through," he said, adding that foreigners would seek work elsewhere. Most foreigners wonder if the experience of working in South Korea will be worth the burden of the paper work and increasing restrictions. "I don't think (South) Korea has thought this through," said Scott Mclnnis, a Canadian teacher based in Incheon near Seoul. "This is a reactionary move by the government that will have strong implications for the EFL community."
As part of the efforts to ease the discontent (不滿), the South Korean Ministry of Justice has granted a three-month grace period for current E-2 visa holders to prepare the necessary documents.
41. Which of the following is NOT required of an E-2 visa applicant?
A. To pass a Korean language test.
B. To undergo a medical test.
C. To provide sealed school reports.
D. To undergo a drug test.
42. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that before the visa regulations were revised foreign teachers didn't have to________.
A. sign new contracts if they wanted to continue to work.
B. go through any formalities if they wanted to stay a bit longer.
C. visit a neighboring country if they wanted to renew their visas.
D. interview a South Korean official if they wanted to apply for work permits.
43. The list of crimes many foreign language teachers committed between 2001 and August of this year did NOT include_________.
A. visa violations.
B. forged degrees.
C. subversive activities.
D. general lawbreaking.
44. The new visa policy aims at
A. protecting South Korea from terrorist attacks.
B. improving foreign language teaching in South Korea.
C. providing more job opportunities for the South Korean people.
D. encouraging the South Korean people to learn the Chinese language.
45. EFL in Paragraph 4 is an abbreviation of
A. easily forgotten lovers.
B. extremely fussy lawyers.
C. exceptionally fast learners.
D. English as a foreign language.
參考答案
第一篇
31.C。細節題。題幹：文章中是用什麼來描述免疫系統中細胞之間的溝通網路的?文章第一段有相關陳述：“分成了集和子集的形式，這些細胞來來回回地傳遞資訊，正如一群蜜蜂圍著蜂巢轉一樣”，所以C為正確選項。
32.A。細節題。題幹：免疫細胞和其他細胞在人體內和平共存的狀態被稱作___________。由關鍵詞coexistpeaceable定位到第二段，“免疫細胞和其他細胞在人體內和平共存的狀態被稱作自身耐受性”，故A為正確選項。
33.C。細節題。題幹：免疫細胞是如何確定一個抗原是“外來的”或是“非己的”?利用題幹關鍵詞antigen和foreign可以定位到最後一段“An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位)”，意為“抗原通過複雜的和典型的形狀來辨別那些外來的東西”，所以正確選項為C。
34.B。細節題。題幹：下列哪項陳述是正確的?文章第三段講抗原和過敏源是不同的，因此D錯誤：抗原很有可能本身就是有害物質，因此選項A錯誤;C沒有提到，因此B(抗原的定義)為正確選項。
35.D。主旨題。題幹：下列哪項最好地概括了文章的大意?本文的標題是免疫功能，只有B、D兩項提到此功能，而對比得知，本文主要說了免疫系統如何分辨“自身”和“異己”，因此本題選擇D。
第二篇
36.C。細節題。題幹：下列哪項是Wikipedia最新的變化?利用題幹關鍵詞latest change可以定位到第二段前兩旬，意為“最新的變化就是Wikipedia試圖平衡可靠性和開放性。雖然現在每個人仍然都能編輯維基百科中的詞條，但其中的一些頁面在得到一個“經驗豐富”的編輯批准前不會變化”。由此可知，選項C“一些頁面在得到一個‘經驗豐富’的編輯批准前不會變化”為正確答案。
37.C。細節題。題幹：下列有關Robert Byrd的說法哪項是虛假的?利用Robert Byrd可以定位到第三段第二句，意為“最近的尷尬事件之一就是美國民主黨的參議員Robeg Byrd在維基百科中的詞條被人篡改，錯誤地宣佈他已經死亡”。由此可知，選項C“他錯誤地被Wikipedia宣佈已經死亡”為正確答案。
38.C。細節題。題幹：為什麼Wikipedia將“經驗豐富的編輯”標準設定得很低?利用題幹關鍵詞experienced editor可以定位到第四段第一句，意為“意識到這一風險，維基百科把所謂的‘經驗豐富的編輯’標準設定得很低”。“這一風險”還得到第三段第三句中找，意為“出臺的限制條件會降低網民合法編輯詞條的'積極性”，由此可知，選項C“因為嚴格的標準會打擊合法編輯的積極性”為正確答案。
39.C。判斷題。題幹：下列有關wikipedia的說法哪項是真實的?這類題需要分別定位四個選項。從文中第一段“Wikipedia，the famous online encyclopedia，is looking to impose more discipline with new restrictions on the editing ofarticles.”可知“Wikipedia正在尋求更多的規則來限定文章的編輯”，所以A“這是第一次建立這樣的限制”和B“人們仍舊可以自由地在英語的網站上編輯詞條”都與原文資訊不符合。利用選項C關鍵詞embarrassment可以定位到第三段，可知“當前的規則不夠嚴格以至於造成了很多尷尬”與原文資訊相符，因此選C。
40.D。細節題。題幹：Pierre Omidyar是。利用關鍵詞Pierre Omidyar可以定位到最後一段“eBay founder Pierre Omidyar”，可知Pierre Omidyar是eBay的創始人，因此D“企業家”為正確答案。
第三篇
41.A。細節題。題幹：下列哪項不是E.2簽證申請人所需要準備的?利用關鍵詞E.2可以定位到文章第一段，主要講申請E.2簽證需要查詢申請人犯罪記錄、體格檢查、毒品檢查、密封的大學成績單以及大學證書的檢查，因此可知A選項“通過韓語測試”不是準備的內容。
42.C。推斷題。題幹：從第二段可以推斷出在簽證條例修改之前，外國老師不必___________。文章第二段中講：“同時，現在居住在韓國的外籍教師必須在一年合同之後離開韓國，並且通過去鄰國參觀來更新簽證，回來的時候不需額外的檔案證據。”因此C為正確選項。
43.C。細節題。題幹：下列哪項不是2001到今年8月外籍老師所犯的罪行?在文章第三段講述了外籍教師所犯的罪行，包括偽造文憑、簽證違規、普通的違法行為，所以C(破壞性活動)為正確選項。
44.B。細節題。題幹：新的簽證政策的目的在於___________。此題用排除法，選項A、D在文中並沒有提及;選項C(為韓國人民提供更多的就業機會)，是不合邏輯的;簽證限制的只能是非韓國人，因此B(提高韓國的外國語教學)為正確選項。而且短文第三段的第一句“The visa changes are a reaction to public concem about the suitability of some foreign teachers”，意為“簽證政策的變化是迴應公眾對於外教是否合格的關注”，由此也可確認正確選項為B。
45.D。細節題。題幹：第四段中EFL是___________的縮寫。此題為常識題，EFL是“English as a foreign language”的縮寫形式，意為“英語作為外語”，因此D為正確選項。
