大學聯考英語作文完美行文四步驟
STEP1：確定文章框架，包括：時態、語態、格式、展開方式、開頭結尾等。
STEP2：確定內容要點，包括：主要人物、時間地點、重要細節、合理發揮等。
STEP3：正式開始寫作，整理思路成篇，行文連貫。
STEP4：忌粗心犯下的錯誤。
大學聯考作文采用總體評分方式，集中在以下四個方面：
—覆蓋了題目提出的所有內容要點和要求；
—應用了較多的語法結構和詞彙，內容比較豐富；
—在使用複雜結構或高階詞彙時允許有些許錯誤；
—有效地使用了語句間的連線成分，全文結構緊湊流暢。
大學聯考英語寫作技巧彙總
（一）掌握技巧：
（1）注意篇章結構，合理佈局
開始部分（openingparagraph）——說出文中的要點、核心問題。
正文部分（Bodyparagraphs）——圍繞主題開展敘述、討論。
結尾部分（concludingparagraphs）——對全文的總結和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之間必須是有機地聯絡，內容完整、連貫。前後呼應，祛除與主題無關的內容。
（2）確定主題句
主題句是對全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“畫龍點睛”的作用。通常主題句出現
在一篇文章的開頭，而後，全文對主題句所提出的內容進行解釋，擴充套件。
寫主題句應注意以下幾點：
①歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個要點
②提煉出一句具有概括性的話
③主題句應具有可讀性，抓住、吸引讀者。
（二）巧用連線詞
要想使文章有整體性、連貫性，就要學會正確使用連線詞
表示羅列增加
First,second, third,First, then / next, after that / next, finally
Forone thing … for another…,
On(the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides/ what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially/ In particular,
表示時間順序
now,at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a fewdays,at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later,next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, assoon as, the moment, form now on, from then on,at the same time,meanwhile,till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解釋說明
now,in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover, furthermore, infact, actually
表示轉折關係
but,however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, incontrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course,after all,
表示並列關係
or,and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither…nor
表示因果關係
because,because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示條件關係
as(so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示讓步關係
though,although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever, whatever,whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where,when,whom)
表示舉例
forexample, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比較
besimilar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, justas,
表示目的
forthis reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表示強調
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously,above all,
表示概括歸納
ina word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, asfar as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, atlast, in summary,in conclusion
(三)掌握常用句型：
order to
為了實現他的夢想，他學習非常努力。
Heworked very hard in order to realize his dream.
order that
她拼命幹活以便到六點時把一切都準備就緒。
Sheworked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..
…that
他們太累了，除了伸懶腰什麼都做不了了。
Theywere all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.
…that
天氣非常冷，以致於街上一個人都沒有。
Itwas such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
d rather do…than do
他寧願聽他人講而不願自己說。
Hewould rather listen to others than talk himself.
er doing to doing
他寧願在精心準備後去做報告。
Heprefers making speeches after careful preparation.
er to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人總是寧可在家睡覺也不願花那麼多時間來購物。
Comparedwith women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time
shopping.
only…but also
在短短的三年的時間裡她不但完成了所有課程，而且還獲得了博士學位。
Injust three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also receivedher
doctor’sdegree.
er…or
如果考試過關，你可以買一個MP3或去雲南玩一趟。
Youcould either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.
her…nor
他是一個無聊的人，既不愛娛樂，也不愛讀書。
Heis a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
well as
他善良又樂於助人。
Hewas kind as well as helpful.
12.…as well
這個小孩活潑又可愛。
Thechild is active and funny as well.
…the other
你看見桌子上有兩隻筆嗎?一支是紅色的，另一支是黑色的。
Haveyou seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.
…others
每個人都很忙，有些在讀書，有些在寫作。
Everyoneis busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.
…+adj /n
我們所做的可以讓世界更美麗。
Whatwe do will make the world more beautiful.
…until
直到他告訴我發生的事，我才瞭解真相。
Ididn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.
if
他誇誇其談好像什麼事都知道。
Hetalks a lot as if he knows everything.
is no use (good) doing…
假裝不懂規則是行不通的。
It’sno use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
it + adj to do…
我覺得作聽力時有必要作筆記。
Ifind it necessary to take down notes while listening.
is + time since…
我已經有兩年沒見他了。
Itis two years since I last met him.
is + time when…
我到電影院時已經八點鐘了。
Itwas 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.
is + time before…
不久我們就會再見面的。
Iwon’t be long before we can meet again.
is…that…
我最珍視的是友誼。
Itis friendship that I value most.
is + n / adj + that / to do…
每個人都必須懂得如何使用計算機
It is a must that everybody shouldknow how to use computers.
寫作輔導：寫作核心句型
核心句型
1.開頭
arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention(take into account) that fact that…
2. As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly/generally) held (accepted)belief (ideas/views), I believe (argue that…
3. Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bearsmuch analysis (close examination).
4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weightthan those of / are much greater than) A.
5. Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed)that …, it is unlikely to be true that…
6. There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores adeeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that…
7. It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say(it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case)that…
8. The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument(view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that…
9. It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take theview) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …
10. In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact isgenerally overlooked (neglected).
11. There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept /resist / reject) that…
12. Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree withit, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account).
13. To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point).
14. A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argumentwould reveal how flimsy (groundless / fallacious) it is.
15. On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (anattractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (oncloser analysis / on second thought), we find that…
16. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) …may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…
17. The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…
18. What the arguer fails to understand (consider /mention) is that…
19. We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) ofthis argument (proposition).
20. However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skimsthe surface of the problem.
2.正文
1. Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey/ poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that…
2. Common sense tells us that…
3. The increase (change / failure / success) in… mainly (largely / partly)results from (arises from / is because of)…
4. The increase (change / failure /success) in … is due to (owing to /attributable to) the fact that…
5. Many people would claim that…
6. One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change) to …, but… is not by itself an adequate explanation.
7. One of the reasons given for … is that…
8. What is also worth noticing is that…
9. There are many (different / several / a number of / a variety of) causes(reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change /decline /increase) in .. First,… Second,… Finally,…
10. There is no evidence to suggest that…
are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, … For another, …
12. Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…
13. It gives rise to (lead to / bring / create) a host of problems(consequences).
14. There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few ofthe most important ones.
15. It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable/ beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on…
16. A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / resultin / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success/ failure /development) in…
17. In 1999, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of thetotal (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
18. By comparison with 1998, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent(to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
19. It account for 15 percent of the total.
20. There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and increase of 5 percent in afive-month period.
1999, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over / as many as)three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) collegepopulation (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year(1998) preferred to (liked)…
3.結尾
1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors /Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to /arrive at) the conclusion that…
2. All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants /points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …
3. It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable)emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of…
4. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy /undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of…
5. We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method /measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency /state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), willsurely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…
6. There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer /remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
7. No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found /guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common(general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitmentto) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first steptowards change (on the right way / in the right direction).
8. Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in(solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
9. Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem,there is every chance that…
10. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it isvery likely (the chances are good) that…
e is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate/further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …
12. It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper)action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check/ end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
13. It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent /sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt /promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …
14. It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focusedon) finding (developing / improving)…
15. It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quiteencouraging (that rosy).
16. Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible(potential / grave / serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…
17. To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (aneasy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state ofmain towards (attitude towards / outlook on)…
18. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…
19. For the reasons given above, I feel that…
英語寫作十字真經：研習、背誦、默寫、互譯、模仿
英語的書面表達一直以來就是英語學習的瓶頸。在此，筆者向各位學習者提供突破英語寫作的十字建議，即研習、背誦、默寫、互譯、模仿，概括出培養寫作能力的五個方面，如能嚴格遵循，定能柳暗花明。
研習
“沒有規矩，不成方圓。”對於一般英語學習者而言，寫出優秀的文章有賴於後天習得，但並不意味著機械背誦、生吞活剝，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所謂研習，需要有獨立思考和個人的判斷，本著“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精華部分加以研究。研習主要側重兩個方面，包括文章章法和語言表達。文章章法指文章的行文思路、佈局謀篇、結構安排、邏輯順序。許多學習者面對一個話題，可能存在兩種不同的困惑，一是下筆千言，但離題萬里；二是思緒萬千，卻無從落筆。導致兩種困惑的根源皆在於欠缺思考問題、組織思路的恰當方式，以至於文章不得要領、章法紊亂。這就要求我們從全篇脈絡角度多研習範文，之後領悟如何以演繹法行文、怎樣用歸納法謀篇以及如何圍繞特定話題拓展思路等等。此外，研習還要側重於語言表達，包括遣詞造句和句子、段落之間的各
種銜接手段，以期在自己日後的寫作中派上用場，因為英文寫作皆通一理。只有善於借鑑，勤加研究，才會借他人的優勢和長處，提高自己的寫作水平。
背誦
背誦是提高寫作的又一有效途徑。要學好寫作，首先要處理好語言輸入與輸出之間的關係。前者是後者的前提條件。如果頭腦空空如也，就根本談不上寫出像模像樣的文章。只有讀過大量東西，並且有意識地將其中精彩部分儲存於記憶之中（committhe highlights to memory），才能保證下筆流暢、文通字順。因此，背誦對於寫作極為重要。但背誦不是機械記憶，而是有選擇性的背誦，是有意義的記憶。因為機械背誦的結果要麼是記憶很快就蕩然無存、了無痕跡，要麼是無法活學活用、付諸實踐。背誦包括五個方面：重點詞彙、常用套語、精彩句子、優秀段落、經典篇章。
重點詞彙
美妙的用詞及搭配皆在此列，像fallvictim（受害），standa fair chance（大有希望）這種地道的動賓搭配要勤加記憶。為了積累寫作詞彙，應將文中同屬一個話題的用詞彙總歸納，組成主題詞族（topicfamily）。歸類記憶可以使自己日後即寫即用，得心應手。下文是一篇闡釋愛心的優秀文章，多處用詞精巧，現將文中關於愛心這一主題的詞彙總結如下：
emotional strength 情感的力量
the noblest of human emotions人類最高尚的情感
no thought of gain不計得失
the lamp of love愛心之燈
help the victims of natural disasters支援自然災害受害者
donate whatever they can傾囊相助
help their needy fellow citizens 幫助有需要的同胞
be ready to give a helping hand 隨時準備伸出援手
When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person ofthe opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love isemotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around usbecomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regardedlove as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese peopleof all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of naturaldisasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by internationalstandards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever theycan ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover,they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are moreunfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand tothose who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or completestrangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for thedarker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
當我們用“愛”這個詞時，我們不僅僅指異性對一個人的吸引，這只是對這個詞非常狹隘的解釋。愛心是一種情感的力量，不論我們周圍的世界多麼黑暗，愛心都能支撐我們。事實上，縱觀歷史，不同文化背景的人都把愛看成是人類最高尚的情感。
說到愛心的力量，我們馬上就會想起每年中國各族人民是如何響應號召支援自然災害受害者的。儘管按照國際標準他們的收入還處於低水平，全國人民毫不猶豫地傾囊相助――不管是錢還是物――幫助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他們這麼做並不考慮自己的得失。
我認為，表達愛心的最好方式是幫助比我們更加不幸的人。我們應該隨時準備向有困難的人伸出援助之手，無論他們是家庭成員還是素昧平生。這樣，我們就能夠助一臂之力把世界變成一個更美好的地方，因為，悲傷的陰影越黑暗，愛心之燈的光芒就越閃亮。
常用套語
套語指流行的公式化語言，在寫作中適當使用頗有必要。如在商業信函結尾，期望對方早日回覆的表達方式就要遵循套語的基本模式，使表達規範得體。下面試舉幾個例子：
Kindly favor us with an early reply. 請早日賜復。
Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 如能及時回覆，將不勝感謝。
We look forward to hearing from you soon. 早日回覆。
We are expecting your prompt reply. 急盼回覆。
Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 請早日回信。
Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience. 請在您方便時儘早賜函。
We would appreciate it if you could respond right away. 如能即刻回覆，將不勝感謝。
當前流行應試寫作模板，即套語的使用貫穿文章始終，為考生提供萬能公式型的文章主架，每句表達皆由固定套語框定，考生只要背下套用句型、過渡詞語，在考試中根據特定考題填充具體內容。這種應試策略使寫出的文章矯揉造作，生硬刻板，雖可以讓考生及格過關，但絕對得不到高分。套語的過多使用不妨可以比作大海中的救生圈，有了它，僅僅可以讓不擅游泳者保全性命，卻無法自在暢遊，一展泳姿。一般而言，套語較為空洞，如使用過多，文章容易流於空泛，言之無物。寫作宜虛實結合，形式與內容相統一。下例是一篇比較在家學習與入校讀書誰優誰劣的範文，文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和過渡詞語，不僅增強了表達效果，而且實現了形式與內容的統一。
There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, asadvances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarshipinto the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom isno longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held thata person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and whenhe can arrange his own study time.
But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying inthe classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilitiesand interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studyingin solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can beno substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts andtheories, but also to appraise and encourage his students.
Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer the is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrateon study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors andtelephone calls. The classroom environment, I feel, is the only one in whichmost people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-importanttask of acquiring knowledge.
關於在家學習，我們可以提出兩個主要論點。第一，由於電子媒體方面取得的進步把整個世界的知識通過網際網路和電視上的教育課程帶入了家庭，教室不再是惟一獲取知識的場所。第二，人們普遍認為，在自己家裡這樣熟悉的環境中，並且能自己安排學習時間，一個人能學得更好。
但是，我們不能忽視在教室裡學習也有好處這一事實。周圍都是能力相近和興趣相投的人可能會對獲取知識形成巨大的刺激，而對很多人來說孤獨一人在家學習會有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，沒有什麼可以替代一個好，他不僅能夠傳道授業，而且能夠評估並鼓勵學生。
如果在兩種學習方法中選擇，我更喜歡在教室裡學習，因為我是那種很難在家務瑣事、客人、電話的`打擾下集中注意力學習的人。我認為大多數人只有在教室裡才能把全部精力放在獲取知識這件十分重要的工作上。
精彩句子
精彩句子指文章中句式優美、蘊含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背誦有助於寫作時的引用和模仿。如在閱讀美國前總統約翰?肯尼迪(JohnF. Kennedy)的就職演說(InauguralAddress)時，可以記住諸如“Asknot what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ”(不要問國家能為你做什麼，而要問你能為國家做什麼。)這樣的傳世佳句，當你寫關於愛國(patriotism)主題的作文時，則可以適時引用。現仍以上面談“愛心”的文章為例，其中值得背誦的句子為數不少。摘錄如下：
①Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the worldaround us becomes.
愛心是情感的力量，不論我們周圍的世界多麼黑暗，愛心都能支撐我們。
②People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― beit money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens.
全國人民毫不猶豫地傾囊相助――不管是錢還是物――幫助那些有需要的同胞。
③The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than weare.
表達愛心的最好方式是幫助比我們更加不幸的人。
④The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of loveshines.
悲傷的陰影越黑暗，愛心之燈的光芒就越閃亮。
優秀段落
閱讀時，我們經常會碰到一些過目難忘的段落。這些段落或者表達流暢、文筆優美，或者邏輯縝密、結構嚴謹。根據表達需要，有不同的功能段落，如現象說明段、觀點陳述段、原因列舉段、利弊解釋段、結論歸納段、趨勢預測段、措施建議段等。有些優秀段落可以作為寫作的功能段落加以背誦，對於我們拓展思路、規範行文大有裨益。在背誦過程中，熟練掌握各種功能段落的行文規則，自己在表達時就能駕輕就熟。下面僅舉觀點陳述段和措施建議段各一例。
觀點陳述段(陳述“民族文化應該成為世界文化”的觀點)
A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for allmankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, manypeople from different countries want to visit China. They will come to acceptand love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should beshared generously with foreign people, who show great interest in while, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects oftheir own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people fromvarious nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding ofeach other and live peacefully together.
一個國家的文化可能成為世界文化，這對全人類都有益。由於中國已經向外界敞開了國門，許多來自不同國家的人都希望來看一看中國。他們會開始接受並喜歡整個中國文化，中國文化應該大大方方地讓感興趣的外國人分享。與此同時，隨著來中國的外國人越來越多，他們也把他們自己的文化帶給了中國人。這樣，世界各國的人們就能夠更好地相互理解、和平相處。
措施建議段(建議“人口老齡化”的解決措施)
The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoptionof countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic while, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changingthe backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more,family care and community services should also be encouraged.
人口老齡化的加速使採取應對措施變得更為緊迫。毫無疑問，解決問題的關鍵是建立穩固的經濟基礎。與此同時，應該重視整體的社會進步，改變社會保障、福利和服務的落後局面。除此之外，應該鼓勵家庭照料和社群服務。
