因為化石裡面的動物活性組織大部分都被礦物質代替了，所以動物化石很難幫助人們研究動物的軟組織。當時科學家們發現一個7千萬年前的霸王龍化石中可能存在真正的動物軟組織。下面是小編分享的關於這方面的託福TPO24綜合寫作範文材料，希望能對大家有所幫助!
The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy of
these evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil.
First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur.
Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals.
Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagen may come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil.
託福TPO24綜合寫作閱讀材料：Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a
70-‐million-‐year-‐old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still
contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when
researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
動物化石很難幫助人們研究動物的軟組織，這是因為化石裡面的動物活性組織大 部分都被礦物質代替了。最近，發現一個 7 千萬年前的霸王龍化石中可能存在 真正的動物軟組織。這令科學家們非常興奮。科學家小心翼翼地打開了霸王龍腿 骨的時候，發現裡面存在著可能為血管、血紅細胞和膠原蛋白基質的物質。
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
首先，開啟腿骨化石之後，科學家發現了內部有一些管狀分支，這些管狀分支可 能是骨內血管存在的地方。令人興奮的是在這些管狀分支中存在著柔軟的有機物 質。這些柔軟的物質可能是霸王龍真正血管的遺留痕跡。
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
第二，通過顯微鏡對骨內部多處進行詳細檢查之後發現了一些可能是血紅細胞化 石的球狀體。檢測發現這些球狀體裡面還有鐵，而鐵在血紅細胞往組織內輸送氧氣的過程中扮演重要角色。而且，這些球狀體中間呈紅色，而含有鐵元素的物質
往往是紅色的`，同時這些球狀體的大小也符合血紅細胞。
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-‐called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
第三，科學家的測試發現這個恐龍腿骨化石中還有膠原蛋白。膠原蛋白是一種纖 維化蛋白質，是生物骨組織的重要組成部分，以膠原蛋白基質的形式存在。膠原 蛋白或者其衍生物是一種存在於骨骼軟組織中的生化物質。
託福TPO24綜合寫作聽力材料：As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.
儘管我們都希望這些化石是真正的恐龍組織，但是還是有一些很有說服力的理由 讓我們懷疑閱讀部分的發現。
First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.
首先，骨管內柔軟而有延展性的物質不一定就是血管的化石。它更大的可能性是 別的東西。那是什麼呢?你們可能會問。恩，在有機體死亡很久之後，細菌可能 會聚集在骨骼裡的空洞的地方，比如那些曾經是血管存在的地方。當細菌在骨骼 內部繁殖後，細菌常常會留下有機物質的痕跡。在閱讀部分，研究人員鑑定為血管的物質很可能就是細菌繁殖後留下的溼軟殘渣的痕跡。
All right. What about the iron-‐filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.
恩，那麼那些含鐵的球狀體呢?問題在於科學家們在同一個地方發現了其他還有 動物的還有紅色球狀體的化石。這些化石中有的是屬於一些活著的時候沒有任何 血紅細胞的低等動物。顯然，如果這些球狀體出現在那些沒有任何血紅細胞的動 物化石組織裡的話，那麼這些球狀物就不可能是血紅細胞的殘留物。這些球狀體 可能有完全不同的來源。它們可能只是一些紅色礦物質顆粒。
Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal
remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the , but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.
第三，膠原蛋白。問題在於我們從來沒有在超過十萬年的動物化石中發現膠原蛋白。膠原蛋白可能不能存在超過一萬年。在生活在七千萬年前的動物化石裡發現 膠原蛋白是同我們對於膠原蛋白存在時間的認識相矛盾的。這種可能性太低了。 最為合理的解釋是這些膠原蛋白不是來自於霸王龍，而是來自於其他的，更近的來源。比如，人類的面板中還有膠原蛋白，所以這些膠原蛋白可能來自於那些處理化石的研究人員的面板。
