2016年下半年商務英語高階考試時間為2016年11月19日，大家準備好了嗎?下面是yjbys網小編提供給大家關於商務英語BEC高階閱讀備考素材，供大家閱讀參考。
The contributions of Trade to Development 貿易發展的貢獻
Even though international trade cannot in general be expected to be an “engine of growth” today , there are still many ways (besides the static gains from comparative advantage ) in which it can contribute to the economic development of today’s developing nations . One economist has pointed out the following important beneficial effects that international trade can have on economic development (1) Trade can lead to the full utilization of otherwise underemployed domestic resources. That is , through trade , a developing nation can move from an inefficient production point inside its production frontier , with unutilized resources because of insufficient internal demand ,to a point on its production frontier with trade . For such a nation , trade would represent a vent for surplus, or an outlet for its potential surplus of agricultural commodities and raw materials has indeed occurred in many developing nations ,particularly those in Southeast Asia and West Africa.
儘管國際貿易不能在一般情況下是一個“增長引擎”今天，仍然有很多的方式(除了靜態比較優勢的收益)，它可以在今天的發展中國家的經濟發展做出貢獻。一位經濟學家指出了以下幾個重要的有利影響，國際貿易對經濟發展(1)應收賬款可能會導致其他就業不足的國內資源的充分利用。也就是說，通過貿易，發展中國家可以從一個低效率的生產點內的生產前沿，未動用的資源，因為內需不足，其生產與貿易前沿上的一個點。對於這樣一個國家，貿易盈餘，或代表一個發洩其潛在過剩的農產品和原料出口在許多發展中國家，特別是那些在東南亞和西非。這確實發生了。
In addition,(2)by expanding the size of the market, trade makes possible division of labor and economies of scale. This is especially important and has actually taken place in the production of light manufactures in such small economic units as Taiwan, Hong Kong ,and Singapore .(3)International trade is the vehicle for the transmission of new ideas ,new technology ,and new managerial and other skills .(4)Trade also stimulates and facilitates the international flow of capital from developed to developing nations. In the case of direct foreign investments ,where the foreign firm retains managerial control over its investment, the foreign capital is likely to be accompanied by foreign skilled personnel to operate it .(There is ,however, a great deal of controversy surrounding the costs and benefits of foreign capital to the developing host nation.) (5)In several large developing nations as Brazil and India ,the importation of new manufactured products has stimulated domestic demand until efficient domestic production of these good became feasible lly,(6)international trade is an excellent antimonopoly weapon (when allowed to operate ) because it stimulates greater efficiency by domestic producers to meet foreign competition . This is particularly important to keep low the cost and price of intermediate or semifinished products used as inputs in the domestic production of other commodities
此外，(2)的市場規模不斷擴大，貿易使勞動分工和規模經濟。這是特別重要的，實際上已經發生了光的生產製造商，在臺灣，香港，新加坡這樣的小經濟單位。(3)國際貿易是傳輸的新思路，新技術和新的管理工具和其他技能。(4)應收賬款也刺激和促進從發達國家向發展中國家的.國際資本流動。在外商直接投資，外國公司保留對投資的管理控制的情況下，外資可能伴隨著由外國技術人員來操作它。(然而，有一個很大的爭議周圍的成本，外資對發展中東道國國家。)(5)在一些發展中的大國，如巴西和印度，工業新產品的進口，刺激國內需求，直到這些良好的有效的國內生產變得可行。最後，(6 )國際貿易是一個很好的反壟斷武器(當操作)，因為它刺激更高的效率由國內生產，以滿足國外的競爭。這是特別重要的是要保持較低的投入在國內生產的其他商品的成本和價格使用中間或半成品的同樣令人印象深刻的所謂的有害影響的貿易。
Critics of international trade can match this impressive list of benefit with an equally impressive list of the allegedly harmful effect of trade. However, since a developing nation can refuse to trade ver , since a developing nation can refuse to trade if it gains nothing or loses, the presumption is that it must also gain from trade is true that when most of the gains from trade accrue developed nations, there is a great deal of dissatisfaction and justification for demands to rectify the situation, but this should not be construed to mean that trade is actually harmful can ,of course , always find cases where ,on balance , international trade may actually have hampered economic development . However, in most cases it can be expected to provide invaluable assistance to the development process has been confirmed empirically by many researchers ,including this author China ,which for security and ideological reasons strove for self-sufficiency during most of the postwar period, has recently come to appreciate the contribution that trade can make to its growth and development and is indeed now reaping major benefits from international trade –and so do the former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union after their fall.
國際貿易的批評可以匹配這個令人印象深刻的利益。但是，由於發展中國家可以拒絕交易，但是，因為一個發展中的國家可以拒絕交易如果獲得或失去的假設是，它也必須從貿易中獲利，這是事實，當大部分的貿易收益累積。發達國家，有大量的不滿和理由要求糾正的情況，但是這不應該被理解為貿易實際上是有害的，其中一個，當然，總是可以找到案件，總的來說，國際貿易實際上卻可能阻礙了經濟的發展。然而，在大多數情況下，它可以預期的發展過程提供了寶貴的援助。經驗也證實了這許多研究人員，包括作者，即使是中國，這對於安全和意識形態的原因，在戰後的大部分時間爭取自給自足期間，近日來欣賞貿易的增長和發展作出的貢獻，確實是現在從國際貿易中獲得重大利益，這樣做對東歐和前蘇聯各共和國的前共產主義國家，他們跌倒後。
