閱讀理解
part A
Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War Ⅱ，an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive nds that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate." ? Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economics-Japan and the United States-show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.? Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.? Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.? Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow, that misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.? Of course, the opposite of overconsumption, poverty, is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed (被剝奪得一無所有的) peasants slash, and burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads (遊牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.? If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough level of consumption can the earth support ?When dose having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
1. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II .
A) led to the reform of the retailing system
B) resulted in the worship of consumerism
C )ve rise to the dominance of the new egoism
D) gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers
2. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is
A) the people's desire for a rise in their living standards
B) the concept that one's success is measured by how much they consume
C) the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption
D) the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals
3. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?
A) Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.
B) Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted population growth.
C) Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.
D) Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.
4. According to the passage, consumerist culture .
A) will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries
B) will not aggravate environmental problems
C) cannot thrive on a fragile economy
D) cannot satisfy human spiritual needs
5. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A) human spiritual needs should match material affluence
B) whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue
C) how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem
D) there is never an end to satisfying people's material needs
參考答案：
1-5 BBDDC
part B
Nonverbal Communications
Although most of us believe that we communicate almost exclusively with words, research has shown that nonverbal communication is at least as important. Gestures and tone of voice are important cues in determining others’ responses to us. Individuals who are not aware of information conveyed nonverbally are at a social disadvantage. In fact, children who fail to “read” such messages tend to be unpopular and underachievers. Children who are overeager or speak loudly, for example, may offend other children, or adults. When they fail to adjust their behavior on the basis of others’ responses, they aggravate the situation.
Adults may offend their peers also by their inattention to nonverbal responses. The sense of personal space varies among individuals and cultures. The salesman who puts his arm around the shoulder of a prospective buyer should realize the possible consequences of his gesture. physical contact conveys sense of intimacy that the relationship may or may not warrant. Standing very close to someone during a face-to-face conversation may produce a negative reaction. In fact, you may observe the person back away. practice and traditions are more permissive in some cultures than in ours. In Latin American countries between conversationalists is smaller than it is in the United States. In most situations, however, regardless of power often take or receive more space. picture a chairperson at a board or committee meeting sitting at the head or commanding center of the table. Think of the teacher whose large desk is surrounded by more space than the students’ smaller desks.
Tone of voice also conveys messages and emotions. “Beautiful” may be used to describe bouquet of roses or a black eye, but the tone of voice will not be the same. “Thanks a lot” can be said with genuine gratitude or with sarcasm.
Dog trainers report that dogs respond to tone of voice than to the particular words that are said. Dogs are often praised in a consistent tone of voice that may be slightly high-pitched and somewhat singsong. They will respond to this tone of voice with wagging tails even if the words don’t match.
6. The main point of the article is that____.
A. dogs and humans communicate the same way.
B. gestures and tone of voice convey a great deal of information.
C. our system of communication is changing rapidly.
D. only human beings are capable of verbal communication.
7. Nonverbal communication is important for____.
A. interpersonal relationships
B. dog trainings
C. foreign travel
D. communication between humans and other animals
8. According to the article, communication problems arise when____.
A. people send the wrong signals
B. individual miss nonverbal cues
C. culture clash
D. people use the same signal to mean differently
9. The issue of personal space is related to____.
A. religious values
B. shyness
C. power
D. privacy
10. The author includes the example about dogs to show that_____.
A. dogs are important too
B. nonverbal communication occurs in varied situations
C. tone of voice affects different ranges of hearing
D. dogs are more capable of nonverbal communication than other animals
參考答案：
6.B
道題考察我們對全文中心思想的把握。這篇文章的篇幅較短，所以判斷文章的中心思想是比較容易。在文章第一段中，作者提到了手勢和語調， 它們在判斷別人對我們的迴應時起著重要的暗示作用。既然可以起到重要的暗示作用，也就說明手勢和語調可以傳達大量的資訊。
7.A
在文章的第段和第二段中都提到了非口頭交流的重要性。不論大人還是小孩，如果忽略了非口語交流方式傳達的資訊，就會處於不利，甚至還會冒犯他人。所以說，非口頭交流對人際關係很重要。
8.B
第一段中有這樣一句話：Individuals who are not aware of information conveyed nonverbally are at a social disadvantage. 結合這句話以及後面段落中舉出的例子，可以很容易判斷出這一結論：如果人們忽略了非口頭交流的.暗示作用，就會引發交流上的問題和障礙。
9.C
文章的第三段告訴我們：在許多情況下，掌握著權力的人總是擁有更大的空間。這也從一個側面反映出個人空間與權力是有聯絡的。
10.B
本文是圍繞著非口頭交流這一方式展開的，文章主要介紹了這種交流方式的重要作用以及它的一些特點。在文章末尾，作者給出了一個小狗的例子，以此來說明非口頭交流(語調)甚至出現在與動物的交流中。可見，作者其實是要以此來說明非口頭交流方式出現在不同的情況下。
