2016年4月12日的托福考試即將來臨，小編為大家整理了2015年4月12日托福考試閱讀真題回憶版以及解析，各位考生可以用來練習作為考前熱身。
三篇看下來，總體的難度不會很大，3篇文章的題材也都比較典型，考生平時一定要多積累，總結該類題材文章的特點。
第一篇：
題材劃分： 建築類
主要內容：該篇文章主要講解日本建築風格及其建造技術的變化。第一段介紹背景，日本的統治者不僅和自己的家族有聯絡，也和其配偶的家族相關。第二段講到以前的建築容易腐蝕，由於當時政治和建築材料的問題，日本統治者頻繁的更換住址，就會繼續使用能用的材料，其餘的燒掉。第三段提到費時費力，難以把人和物資集中起來，但是由於集權擴大，並且欣賞其他國家，比如中國的建築，日本統治者需要建立能夠居住更久的建築。所以最後建築師慢慢的形成了compromise, 既有舊時風格的建築，又有像宮殿類的建築出現。
第二篇
題材劃分： 天文類
主要內容：該篇文章主要講解太陽系的起源。大部分科學家認為太陽系是由large nebulous形成的，nebulous大部分是由氫氦，以及其他一些重元素組成的。可能由於5億年前的supernova產生了shock wave，nebulous形成了溫度極高的pre-sun,之後其他星球慢慢形成。文章也提到了inner planets 和outer planets，其中outer planets由於離太陽較遠，溫度低，有較多的冰。
第三篇
題材劃分：生態類
主要內容：講解太平洋上的兩種島嶼，一個是本身就有的，另一個是由於地址形成的，比如火山島，之後講解了兩個島嶼上的物種多樣化，影響島嶼上物種多樣化的因素有land size, 經度(越往東，隔離物種越少)，緯度(緯度高的不容易有熱帶島嶼)，以及風。有些島嶼雖然比較偏遠，但是也形成了獨特的物種。
第一篇：
題材劃分： 建築類
主要內容：該篇文章主要講解日本建築風格及其建造技術的變化。第一段介紹背景，日本的統治者不僅和自己的家族有聯絡，也和其配偶的家族相關。第二段講到以前的建築容易腐蝕，由於當時政治和建築材料的問題，日本統治者頻繁的更換住址，就會繼續使用能用的材料，其餘的燒掉。第三段提到費時費力，難以把人和物資集中起來，但是由於集權擴大，並且欣賞其他國家，比如中國的建築，日本統治者需要建立能夠居住更久的建築。所以最後建築師慢慢的形成了compromise, 既有舊時風格的建築，又有像宮殿類的.建築出現。
相似TPO練習推薦：
TPO 03：Architecture
相關知識背景：
Japanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology.
The earliest Japanese architecture was seen in prehistoric times in simple pit-houses and stores that were adapted to a hunter-gatherer population. Influence from Han Dynasty China via Korea saw the introduction of more complex grain stores and ceremonial burial chambers. The introduction into Japan of Buddhism in the sixth century was a catalyst for large-scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. Influence from the Chinese T'ang and Sui Dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara. Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design. A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design. The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy.
During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events. The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, which formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from Shinto shrines, breaking an association between the two which had lasted well over a thousand years and causing, directly and indirectly, immense damage to the nation's architecture.
Second, it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries. Initially architects and styles from abroad were imported to Japan but gradually the country taught its own architects and began to express its own style. Architects returning from study with western architects introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan. However, it was not until after the Second World War that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenzo Tange and then with theoretical movements like Metabolism.
第二篇
題材劃分： 天文類
主要內容：該篇文章主要講解太陽系的起源。大部分科學家認為太陽系是由large nebulous形成的，nebulous大部分是由氫氦，以及其他一些重元素組成的。可能由於5億年前的supernova產生了shock wave，nebulous形成了溫度極高的pre-sun,之後其他星球慢慢形成。文章也提到了inner planets 和outer planets，其中outer planets由於離太陽較遠，溫度低，有較多的冰。
相似TPO練習推薦：
TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite
相關知識背景：
The Solar System comprises the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets that form the planetary system around it, while the remainder are significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSBs) such as comets and asteroids.
The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets, the giant planets, are substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, are composed largely of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called ices, such as water, ammonia and methane. All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.
The Solar System also contains smaller objects. The asteroid belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity. Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets. Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris. In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least three of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites, usually termed “moons” after Earth’s Moon. Each of the outer planets is enriched by planetary rings of dust and other small objects.
The solar wind, plasma flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere. The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of interstellar wind; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc. The Ort cloud, which is believed to be the source for long-period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm, 26,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way.
第三篇
題材劃分：生態類
主要內容：講解太平洋上的兩種島嶼，一個是本身就有的，另一個是由於地址形成的，比如火山島，之後講解了兩個島嶼上的物種多樣化，影響島嶼上物種多樣化的因素有land size, 經度(越往東，隔離物種越少)，緯度(緯度高的不容易有熱帶島嶼)，以及風。有些島嶼雖然比較偏遠，但是也形成了獨特的物種。
相似TPO練習推薦：
TPO32 Plant Colonization
相關知識背景：
Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on earth. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. Although more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on the planet are estimated to be extinct, there are currently 10–14 million species of life on the Earth.
The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.
