Lesson 19 English Social Differences 英國社會的差異
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport ' problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends anadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is
passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyal ties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism
which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.
New words and expressions 生詞短語
professional n. 職業的
hobby n. 業餘愛好
cast a fly 垂釣
govern vt. 治理
grave a. 嚴重的
inadequately ad. 不充分地
devoted a. 熱心的
incurable a. 不可救藥的
discount vt. 看輕
entity n. 存在，本質
quality n. 品質
realm n. 王國
privilege n. 特權
cultivate vt. 培養
eccentricity n. 怪癖
diplomatic service 外交部門
adequacy n. 適當
sufficiently ad. 充分地
disbelieve vt. 不相信
excessive a. 過分的
neotism n. 裙帶關係
mystic a. 神祕的
narrowness n. 狹隘
estate n. 社會階層
realism n. 現實主義adjust vt. 使適應
relevant a. 有關的difference n. 差異
essional n. 職業的 通常略寫為 prof [反]amateur
[辨異]profession, occupation, job
profession “專業”，強調 highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer,
architect
occupation: normal and general, everybody can have an occupation.
job 不僅指工作，還可以表示幹活，例如家務活。
You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 職業學校
ivate vt. 培養 [同]nurture, develop, foster
cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教養。
y n. 業餘愛好
[辨異]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
mania 顛狂，狂熱，癖好 hobby n. 業餘愛好
pastime 消遣diversion 消遣，指轉移注意力，換換腦筋。
ntricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
concentric 同軸的，同心的
[辨異]eccentric, outlandish, grotesqueeccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish 異國風味的,奇異的,古怪的outlandish clothes 奇裝異服
grotesque 怪誕的，藝術、美術、文學中的怪異派、怪異的作品
a fly 垂釣[同]go fishing, on the Fishing trip(悠閒垂釣)
cast a net 撒網，為了生存捕魚
omatic service 外交部門
airline service 航空公司travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一個左右逢源的人。He is a philosopher.
他是一個誇誇其談的人。
rn vt. 治理
government/governing body 政府governor 州長
governess 女家教benevolent government 仁政
uacy n. 適當 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate
He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.
他常常懷疑他是不是夠格做父親。
[辨異]deficient, sparse, meager
deficient 沒有足夠的，缺乏的
sparse 稀少meager 貧乏的,不充分的,不足的The food is meager for winter.
e a. 嚴重的
[同]solemn, serious, severe have one foot in the grave來日不多了
grave situation 嚴峻的形勢 gravity 地球引力，嚴重
elieve vt. 不相信
dis- 多做動詞的反義詞disappear 消失disbelieve 不相信
ted a. 熱心的
[同]committed, dedicated
devote te oneself to sthbe devoted to sth
[注意]to 後面一定要用名詞或動名詞
He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力於研究。
She is devoted to her children.她太溺愛孩子了。
這裡，devoted 相當於 spoil, pamper
ssive a. 過分的
[同]immoderate [反]moderate
Excessive studying bores/tires me.
過多的學習使我厭倦/疲憊不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the
health.
過度吸菸有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous.
extreme 極端的
rable a. 不可救藥的
cure 治療
cure sb 為某人治病
cure sb of 治某人的……病
curable 可治療的
to breathe one’s last 奄奄一息
He is beyond cure/remedy.
他不行了/不可救了。
引申為他不可救藥了。=He is rotten to the
core.
People heat him to death.
人們都恨死他了。
I’m hungry to death.
我都快餓死了。
[注意]不能說成 I starve to death.
ism n. 裙帶關係
It means giving of favors to his
relatives/relations by a person/man in the high
position or promoting the people closest to
him
backdoor “後門”
ount vt. 看輕
count 數
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
discount 打折 以物做賓語
I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做賓語
ic a. 神祕的,帶有宗教色彩
mysterious 則不帶宗教色彩
occult 神祕的，玄妙的
supernatural 超自然的
metaphysical 形而上學的
garden of Eden 伊甸園
nether world 陰間
heavenly world 天堂
owness n. 狹隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狹窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted.
他目光短淺。
narrow escape 九死一生
ity n. 品質
He is a man of quality. 他是一個高尚的人。
a lady of quality 貴婦
te n. 社會階層，房地產
class, hierarchy, stratification
都有階層的意思。
real estate 不動產
personal estate 動產
estate agent 房地產商
m n. 王國(抽象概念)
kingdom 具體概念
mental realm 思想境界
literature realm 文學界
flim/movie realm 電影界
[辨異]estate, domaln, sphere
estate 社會階層
domaln
donaln name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球體，球面，範圍，領域
realism n. 現實主義
realistic 現實主義的性格
realist 現實主義者[反]idealist 理想主義者
st vt. 使適應
adjust oneself tonew environment
be adjust to
He is well adjustd.
他好相處。
ilege n. 特權，英國英語常用
有特權的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)議員
privileged class 特權階層
underprivileged class 弱勢階層
privileged car/cab 專車
vant a. 有關的
be relevant to 和…
erence n. 差異
make no difference 沒關係
It makes no difference wheather you come or
not.
make difference 關係重大
different from（英式英語）=different than (美
式英語)
Notes on the text 課文註釋
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.紳士不是通過行為做到的。這裡的.意思是“紳士”是與生俱
來的，是骨子裡的東西。
a professional way=professional
allowed：紳士這一階層受社會的約束，不是隨便什麼都可以做的。
practise:從事
practise law= to be a lawyer
practise Medicine= to be a doctor
vocation: 職業 to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.這句話的
意思是：紳士是絕對不能脫離他的階層，不允許 mix with the masses(與大眾為伍),否則就會
很庸俗。
:騎馬
navy:海軍
army:陸軍
:治國
tical economy:政治經濟學
less about:更不要提
=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂數學，就更別提英語了。
ning:學術
sport:指前面說的” ride and shoot and cast a fly”
problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:
社會要回答的問題並不是這類人物不無美德，而是他們是否勝任其職務。
set for society:做後置定語
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 階層
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but
His success is not by talent so much as by energy.
他的成功不是來自天賦而是來自勤奮。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.
重要的不是時間而是如何利用它。
It is the man that behind the gun tells.
勝敗在人而不在武器。
adequate:能力
function:功能
e= apper,常搭配副詞 here, there
want：需求
pursue: 追求
nd to= be concerned with 關注
attend to 後面只能跟名詞、動名詞
While I am out/away, please attend to my house.
當我不在時，請幫我照看一下家。
finance and method of production:金融和生產方法
spread: 普遍的
discounting ability:輕視才能
character= nature
in a gentleman’s mouth:在紳士的嘴裡
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己傳統上所擁有的品質
al loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社會職責
be loyal to 對……忠誠
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到這個王國中
的基本社會階層的對立面上去。
range: 排列
range against: 作對
incapable of that imaginative realism:無法接受充滿想像力的現實
t= demand 要求
institution= custom 社會習俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作為……的權力
took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英語用法，相當於今天的 took as
he is taken as a black sheep.
他被看作是害群之馬。
right:權利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通過提
供證據說明此項權力與社會福利直接有關才能得到
Curzon, Miceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in
1903:派往印度的總督 Curzon 勳爵授予印度本土國王 Cochin“印度之星”。
invest in:投資
invest with:授予
Lord:爵士，勳爵
