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Medical Education
In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.
Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私營的) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (開業醫師) that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(聯絡) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship (實習期) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
11. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.
A. did not exist
B. were few in number
C. were better than those in Europe
D. were known for their teaching hospitals
12. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.
A. had established professionals
B. had good facilities
C. had high standards
D. were in poor conditions
13. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.
A. recruit more students
B. set up more schools of medicine
C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice
D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits
14. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.
A. if they have worked in a laboratory
B. if they have studied abroad for some time
C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree
D. if they have passed an examination
15. This passage is mainly about __________.
A. how medicine is taught in America
B. how medical education has developed in America
C. how the American educational system works
D. how one can become a good doctor
11.B。細節題。題幹：在18世紀的美國，教授醫學的高等學習機構__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到文章第一段，可知在18世紀的美國，醫學院校寥寥無幾。如果有人想當醫生，就要跟專業人員私下學，或者出國學習。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式開設醫學課程。
12.D。細節題。題幹：最初多數的私營醫學院__________。利用題目順序與段落順序一致的原則和題幹關鍵詞可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的'私營醫學院校大都標準不高，裝置較差。
13.C。細節題：AMAandAAMC設立了標準，以便__________。利用題幹中的專有名詞可以定位到文章第二段的最後一句，即AMA與AAM制訂了一系列標準，以保證醫學教學與實踐的質量。
14.D。細節題。經過一年實習的畢業生可以開始__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到文章的最後一段，即醫學畢業生經過一年的實習期後，要通過州或國家的相關考試，方可獲
取行醫執照。
15.B。主旨題。題幹：這篇文章主要是關於 __________。從文章的題目和內容可知，全文重點探討的是美國醫學教育的歷史沿革。
