2016年下半年BEC中級考試時間為2016年12月3日，為了幫助大家高效備考，下面是yjbys網小編提供給大家關於BEC考試中級翻譯習題及答案，希望對大家的備考有所幫助。
Trade as an engine of growth貿易是經濟增長的引擎
During the nineteenth century, most of the word’s modern industrial production was concen trated in great Britain. Large increases in industrial production and population in resource-poor Britain led to a rapidly rising demand for the food and raw material exports of the regions of recent settlement (the United States, Canada, Australia,New Zealand, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa) example ,during the century from 1815 to 1913,Britain’s population tripled , its real GNP increased 10 times ,and the volume of its imports increased 20 times, This growth spread to the rest of the economy of these newly settled lands through the familiar accelerator multiplier process. Tues , The export sector was the leading sector that propelled these economies into rapid growth and development is ,international trade functioned as an engine of growth for these nations during the nineteenth century.
在19世紀，這個詞的現代工業生產中的濃度trated在英國。在資源貧乏的英國工業生產和人口的大量增加導致的需求迅速上升，近期結算的地區(美國，加拿大，澳大利亞，紐西蘭，阿根廷，烏拉圭和南非的食品和原料出口)。福克斯例如，在本世紀的1815年至1913年，英國人口的三倍，其真正的國民生產總值增加了10倍，其進口量增加20倍，這種增長擴散到這些新定居的土地經濟的其餘部分通過熟悉油門乘數效應。週二，出口部門的主導部門，推動這些國家的經濟進入快速增長和發展，也就是說，這些國家在19世紀，國際貿易作為經濟增長的引擎。
The regions of recent settlement were able to satisfy Britain’s burgeoning demand for food and raw materials (and in the process grow very rapidly ) because of several favorable circumstances t ,these countries were richly endowed with natural resources such as fertile arable land, forests, and mineral deposits . second, workers with various skills moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands, and so did huge amounts of capital. Though data are far from precise, it seems that from 30 to 50 percent of total capital formation ( i. e ., investments) in such nations as Canada, Argentina, and Australia was financed through capital inflows huge inflows of capital and workers made possible the construction of railroads , canals , and other facilities that allowed the opening up of new supply sources of food and raw materials . Finally, the great improvement in sea transportation enabled these new lands to satisfy the rising demand for wheat, corn ,cotton ,wool , leather, and a variety of other foods and raw materials more cheaply than traditional sources of supply in Europe and elsewhere.
Thus ,all “ingredients” were present for rapid growth in these new lands: the demand for their products was rising rapidly; they had great and unexploited natural resources; and they received huge amounts of capital and millions of workers from Europe . To be sure ,there are some economists who believe that rapid growth of the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century was due primarily to very favorable internal conditions (such as abundant natural resources) , with trade playing only an important supportiverole. Be that as it may ,it is generally agreed that today’s developing nations can rely much less on trade for their growth and development . This is due to less favorable demand and supply conditions.
該地區最近的結算是能，以滿足英國的新興需求的食品及其原料(和在這個過程中成長非常迅速)，因為幾個有利的情況下。首先，這些國家被豐富的賦予與天然資源，如肥沃的耕地土地，森林，礦藏。第二，具有多種技能的工人移動波瀾從人口過剩的歐洲到這些大部分是空的土地，所以沒有大量的資金。儘管資料很不精確，似乎從30%到50%的資本形成總額(即投資)，加拿大，阿根廷和澳大利亞等國家的資金通過資本流入的大量流入的資本和工人建設的鐵路，運河和其他設施，允許開放的食品和原材料的新供應來源。最後，極大地提高了海上運輸，使這些新的土地，以滿足不斷增長的需求，對小麥，玉米，棉花，羊毛，皮革，以及各種其他食品及原料成本比傳統的在歐洲和其他地區的供應來源。
因此，所有的“成分”的快速增長，這些新的土地為他們的產品的需求迅速上升，他們有偉大的，未開發的自然資源，以及來自歐洲，他們收到了大量的資金和數以百萬計的工人。可以肯定的是，也有一些經濟學家相信近期結算的地區在十九世紀的快速增長，主要是由於非常有利的內部條件(如擁有豐富的天然資源)，只打了一個重要的supportiverole與貿易。 ，因為它可能普遍認為，今天的`發展中國家可以為他們的成長和發展貿易的依賴要少得多。這是由於有利的需求和供給條件。
On the demand side, it is pointed out that the demand for food and raw materials is growing much less rapidly today than was the case for the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . There are several reasons for this:在需求方面，它指出，食品和原材料的需求要少得多迅速增長的今天比的情況下，在19世紀該地區最近的結算。有幾個方面的原因：
(1)The income elasticity of demand in developed nations for many of the food and agricultural raw material exports of developing nations is less ( and sometimes much less ) than 1,so that as income rises in developed nations ,their demand for the agricultural exports of developing nations increases proportionately less than the increase in income example, the income elasticity of demand for coffee is about 0.8 , for cocoa 0.5, for sugar 0.4, and for tea 0.1.(2)The development of synthetic substitutes has reduced the demand for natural raw materials; for example , synthetic rubber has reduced the demand for natural rubber, nylon the demand for cotton ,and plastics the demand for hides and skins .(3)Technological advances have reduced the raw-material content of many products, such as tin-plated cans and microcircuits (4) The output of services (with lower raw material requirements than commodities ) has grown faster than the output of commodities in developed nations. (5) Developed nations have imposed trade restrictions on many temperate exports (such as wheat ,vegetables ,sugar ,oils ,and other products) of developing nations.
(1)在發達國家，許多發展中國家的食品和農業原材料的出口需求的收入彈性是小於(有時要少得多)大於1，所以，隨著收入的增加在發達國家，他們的需求的農產品出口發展中國家的增長比例小於收入的增加。例如，咖啡需求的收入彈性約為0.8，0.5可可，糖0.4，茶0.1(2)的合成替代品的發展，減少了天然原料的需求，例如，合成橡膠的需求減少天然橡膠，尼龍對棉花的需求，和塑料皮革和毛皮的需求。(3)技術進步降低了原材料的含量，許多產品， (4)如鍍錫罐和微電路的輸出服務(降低原材料的要求比商品)的增長速度比發達國家的商品輸出。 (5)發達國家實行貿易限制在許多溫帶出口的(如小麥，蔬菜，糖，油及其他產品)的開發中國家。
On the supply side , most of today’s developing nations are much less well endowed with natural resources (except for petroleum-exporting nations) than were the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . In addition , most of today’s developing nations are overpopulated, so that most of any increase in their output of food and raw materials is absorbed domestically rather than exported. Furthermore , the international flow of capital to developing nations today is relatively much less than it was in the nineteenth century , and today’s developing nations seem also to face an outflow of skilled labor rather than an inflow . Finally ,it is also true that until recently , developing nations have somewhat neglected their agriculture in favor of more rapid industrialization, thereby hampering their export (and development ) prospects.
在供給方面，今天的大多數發展中國家都少得多擁有豐富的天然資源(石油出口國除外)相比，近期結算的地區在十九世紀。此外，今天的大多數發展中國家的人口過密，使大部分的任何增加他們的食品和原材料的輸出被吸收國內，而不是出口。此外，國際資本流向發展中國家今天是相對少得多比它在19世紀，今天的發展中國家似乎也面臨熟練勞動力的流出而不是流入。最後，也是如此，直到最近，發展中國家在一定程度上忽略了他們的農業有利於更快速的工業化，從而阻礙了其出口和發展前景。
