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Passage Ten (The Importance of Independent Thinking)
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
1. The best title for this passage is
[A] The Age of Reason [B] The need for Independent Thinking
[C] The Value of Reason [D] Stirring People’s Minds
2. According to the author, it is always advisable to
[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.
[B] adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.
[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,
[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.
3. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find
[A] acceptance of truth [B] controversy over principles
[C] inordinate enthusiasm [D] a dread of heterodox speculation
4. According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as
[A] enslaved by tradition [B] less than fully rational
[C] determinded on controversy [D] having a closed mind
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements
[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
[B] Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,
[C] The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.
[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,
Vocabulary
1. stature 高度，境界，狀況
2. heterodox 不合乎公認的標準的，異端的，異教的
3. tacit 心照不宣
4. refute 反駁
5. adversary 對立面，對手，敵人
6. plausible 善於花言巧語的/辭令的，似乎有理的/有可能的
7. doctrine 教義，學說
8. profess 表示，明言，承認，自稱，信奉
難句譯註
1. True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.
[參考譯文] 真理甚至從一個經過恰當研究和準備進行獨立思考的人的錯誤中獲得更多的東西，而從那些只是因為不予思考卻持有正確的觀點中獲得的少(一種經過恰當的研究和準備進行獨立思考的人犯的錯誤，另一種人是不予思考的卻持有正確的觀點，真理從前者錯誤中獲得的東西比從後者的正確觀點中獲得的要多)。
2. mental slavery 思想禁錮，精神受奴役狀態
3. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
[結構簡析] 這是一句以Never否定詞開頭的倒裝句，正常的句序應把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations
[參考譯文] 當辯論比開重大課題，重大到足以燃起/激起人們激/熱情的課題時，那麼一個民族的思想絕不會從天賦的情感和原始的基礎上升華，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到優點莊嚴的思想家水平上。
4. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.
[參考譯文] 對她來說理智的立場是停止判斷，而且除非她滿足於這一點，否則，她不是為權威人物的觀點所左右，後者就像世界上芸芸眾生一樣，倒向她感覺最傾向的一邊。
5. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.
[結構簡析] do justice to 公平對待，適當處理。 Bring……into contact with 使和……接觸/聯絡。
[參考譯文] 這不是對正確觀點評價的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接觸到論點的實質。
6. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.
[結構簡析] most plausible and persuasive form 很善於辭令和有說服力形式。 possess oneself of 獲得，據有，把……佔為己有。 them=arguments。 else 否則的話。
7. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
[結構簡析] throw oneself into…position 設身處地，使自己處於……位置/地點。
寫作方法與文章大意
這是一篇由一般到具體，重要採用正反對比，推理的寫作方法的文章，邏輯性強，正反論證，句子結構複雜冗長，分兩段給出內容，第一段重點在：偉大的思想家的首要責任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的結論。由此引起思想家和思想活躍的人民同時代環境的關係。只有思想後月的時期，才有偉大的思想家和活躍的人民，因為他們可以討論重大主題，而在思想禁錮時期，只能產生個別偉大思想家。第二段具體的論證了獨立思考涉及兩方面，既如自己一方種種，也得知對手的一方種種(內容，推理，論點)，才能真正獲得真理。
答案詳解
1. B 獨立思考的必要性。見難句譯註1。這裡說明進行獨立思考的人即使犯錯誤，2. 真理也能從中獲得東西，而3. 那些懶於思考人，4. 即使持有正確的觀點，5. 真理也難以獲得東西。第一段還點明思想禁錮時期，6. 即不7. 能進行獨立思考時期，8. 難以討論重大議題，9. 產生不10. 了活躍的人民，11. 絕不12. 會出現像輝煌的文藝復13. 興那種時期(見第二題注)。第二段也是圍繞獨立思考而14. 寫，15. 只是從具體點著眼：人只知自己，16. 不17. 知對方無法獲得真理， 18. 只有獨立思考兩方，19. 才能不20. 為權威所左右，21. 不22. 會跟著自己感覺走，23. 最終知道自己的真正主張。
A. 理性時代。 C. 駁斥的.價值。 D. 激發人民的思想。
24. C 熟悉有利於自己不同25. 意/反對觀點的論點。這是作者在第二段講述的重要論點。他認為一個人只知自己一方，26. 推理極好， 27. 無人能反駁，28. 卻不29. 知對方的推理，30. 也不31. 能夠予以反駁的話，32. 他就無權選擇兩方的任一論點，33. 其理智位置是停止判斷。否則她就會(像世界上芸芸眾生那樣)不34. 是為權威所“引導”，35. 就是跟著感覺(的傾向)走。其二，36. 作者提出：光聽自己的老師講述對立面的論點，37. 以及他們所提出的反駁論點。只是不38. 夠的，39. 必須傾聽那些人(他們真正相信對立的觀點)的論點，40. 併為此積極熱情，41. 竭盡全力辯護，42. 才能使自己的思想和獨立論點接觸，43. 公正的作出公正的判斷。
A. 具有不能駁斥的觀點。 B. 採取個人感覺最傾向的觀點。 D. 停止有利於教條主義研究的異端思考。
44. B 辯論原則問題。答案在第一段：在思想禁錮的氣氛中，45. 過去，46. 現在可能會產生個別的思想家，47. 但絕不48. 會有思想活躍的人民，49. 在那裡有一種心照不50. 宣的慣律：原則決不51. 能討論——認為佔據人類心靈的最重大問題的討論應封閉，52. 我們不53. 能期望看到一般高階的思想活動。這種思想活動曾使歷史上某些時期光輝燦爛。而54. 文藝復 55. 興就是思想活動的頂峰時期，56. 必然會討論原則問題，57. 所以選B 。
A. 接受真理，B. 周經過討論才能接受真理。 C. 過度的熱情。 D. 害怕異端思考。
58. C. 在辯論上，59. 堅定不60. 移。這是一道推斷題，61. 一般講：持有未經檢驗的正統信仰的人不62. 會獨立思考，63. 更不64. 會懷疑他所信仰的東西。
A. 為傳統所奴役。 B. 不B. 怎麼理智。 D. 頭腦閉塞。這種人必然受傳統思想控制，C. 不D. 理智更不E. 願接受外界新鮮事物。
65. B. 在思想方面取得成就的時期就是進行非正統反思的時期。見3題註釋。
A. 一個真正的思想家不犯錯誤。 C. 一個人的老師最能提供所接受思想觀點的反駁。 D. 過度的辯論會制止清晰的思考。
