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Reading Comprehension
Read the following two texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
“Laws” of Language
We are now in a position to set down some of the “laws” of language—statements that are valid not merely for one language, as are grammatical rules, but which are applicable to all languages.
1.
Language is primarily a social phenomenon.
Although the aspects of language relating to the physical sciences and humanities are important, the functions and uses of language are most important to society and to the individual in his contacts with other human beings.
2.
Language is all pervasive.
Language accompanies every human activity and is the indispensable means by which that activity is coordinated and made successful.
3.
Language is primarily an oral means of communication.
Notwithstanding the importance of the written language—particularly in modern civilization—and of symbolic and gestural systems of meaning transfer, the primary of language is speech.
4.
Language is normally a reflex action.
once it is painfully acquired by processes that can be imitative, intellective, or a combination of both, spoken language becomes as much of a reflex, action as driving a car.
5.
Language is geographically localized.
However great or small the differences may be, language varies from area to area. The geographical differences can be recorded, and when enough of them accumulate, we speak of separate dialects or languages.
6.
Language is socially stratified.
Class differences are bound to arise in language. They may be based on educational, economic, social, or occupational factors and may have considerable range. The divergences appear most in vocabulary, to a far lesser degree in grammar, least of all in sounds.
7.
Language is subject to change.
This principle applies at all times and in all places, though to varying degrees. The only language that remains completely insert is a wholly dead and forgotten language. Change appears in all segments of a language—in its scheme of meanings.
most important application of language lies in its usefulness____.
A. to the physical sciences and humanities.
B. in helping the individual adjust to society.
C. in society and in the interaction among human beings.
D. none of these.
2. The primary form of language is ____.
A. writing
B. gestures
C. ideographs
D. speech
3. According to the article, changes occur in a language in ____.
A. all phases of writing
B. some phases of speech
C. the meanings of words
D. all its phases
evidence that language geographically localized the author cites ____.
A. variations in pronunciations
B. variations in grammar
C. the appearance of separate dialects
D. both A&B
5. Social differences in language are most apparent in ____.
A. grammar
B. sounds
C. writing
D. vocabulary
參考答案：1.C
文章講述的第一個規律告訴我們： 語言的運用對於社會以及人們的人際交往是最重要的。
2.D
文章中講述第三個規律的自然段中有這樣一句話: the primary form of language is speech. 根據這句話，可以很容易地找出正確的答案。
3.D
在文章的最後一段中， 作者告訴我們：Change appears in all segments of a language. 即語言的所有部分都會發生變化。也就是說上：不是A，B，C，選項中所說的語言的變化只發生在書面措辭中，口頭措辭中或詞語的意思上，而是發生在所有的措辭中。
4.C
在講第五個規律中，作者告訴我們：語言的地域性差異會被記錄下來，當這種差異積累到一定的程度時，方言就誕生了。所以，作者引用了方言的出現來說明語言的地域化。
5.D
在第六個規律的自然段中有這樣一句話：The divergences appear most in vocabulary, to a far lesser degree in grammar, least of all in sounds. 從這句話中，我們可以得出這樣的結論：社會階層的差別最大程度地體現在詞彙中，而語法和發音等其他因素的程度較低。
