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Part C
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 51 —— 55, choose the most suitable one from the list [A] —— [ G ] to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams,52, and of a riverboat casino ( a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor eaming$ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $ 20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $ 20 and left. On his second visit he lost $ 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user' s gambling activities. For Williams,those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin. "
(51) In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March
1997 he lost $ 72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a" time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a. m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a. m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.
In March 1998, a friend of Williams' s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams' s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter.
Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
(52) .
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning : "'Enjoy the always bet with your head, not over it". Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams' s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to"engage in conduct against his will. " Well.
(53) .
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
(54) . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(55) .
Forty-four states have lotteries,29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on--you might say addicted to revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $ 3.5 billion being lost on Internetwagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web' s most profitable business.
A. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino' s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.
B. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?
C. By the time he had lost $ 5,000 he said to himseff that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5,500, but he did not quit.
D. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.
E. David Williams' s suit should trouble this gambling nation, But don' t bet on it.
F. It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
G. The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Intemet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?
Part C
參考譯文
印第安納,k11的埃文斯座落在俄亥俄河的北岸，它是52歲的大衛·威廉姆斯的家鄉，也是一家河船賭場的所在地。就在這家賭場，威廉姆斯，一名年薪35，000美元的州政府審計員，幾年賭博下來，輸掉了大約175，000美元。他以前從未進行過賭博，後來賭場送給他一張價值20美元的賭博優惠券，他便沾上了賭。
他第一次去賭場，輸掉了那20美元后就離開了。第二次，他輸掉了800美元。賭場把他看作優質顧客，發給他一張“開心卡”，在賭場使用時可贏得積分，換取食物和飲料。同時，該卡也可以使賭場跟蹤持卡人的賭博活動。對威廉姆斯而言，這些賭博活動成為他所謂的“電子”。
(51)輸到5，000美元時，他對自己說，如果能夠把輸掉的錢贏回來，就不賭了。一天晚上：他贏了5：500美元：但是並沒盔就此停手。1997年，他兩天之內就在一臺賭博的機上輸掉了21，000美元。到了三月份，他又輸掉了72，186美元。有時候他同時在兩臺賭博的機上賭，通宵達旦.一直到早晨5點賭船靠岸，然後等到賭場上午9點開放時他又回到船上繼續賭。現在，他正起訴該賭場，指控其明明知道他已經賭博上癮，就應該阻止他繼續光顧。賭場的確知道他已經賭博成癮。
1998年3月，威廉姆斯的一個朋友將他強制送進了戒賭治療中心接受治療，並且寫信告知那家賭場有關威康姆斯賭博上癮的問題。賭場將威廉姆斯的照片放入被禁止去賭博人員的名單中，並給他寫了一封“禁賭通知書”。通知書在指明賭博行為對人健康和心理造成危害的同時，還提到，如果他要再次光顧賭場，必須出示醫療或心理狀況資訊。以證明光顧賭場不會對他的安全和健康造成任何威脅。
(52)儘管他沒有出示相關證明，賭場的市場部仍不斷地給他發郵件，而且他又進入賭場並使用了開心卡也無人察覺。
據《華爾街日報》報道，那個賭場內有24個警告標誌：“盡享歡樂…賭博時要用腦子，不要衝昏頭腦”。每張入場券上都印有印第安納州心理健康部門的免費諮詢電話號碼。然而，威廉姆斯的訴訟指控賭場，明明知道他“不可救藥地沉溺於賭博”，仍然故意“引誘”他“做出違背自己意願的行為”。
(53)不清楚到底是什麼樣的誘惑使他做出這種不能自控的行為，而且在何種意義上他的意志才會起作用?
《心理疾病診斷與統計手冊》第四版中這樣寫道，“病態賭博行為”指的是持續地、反覆地且無法自控地追求意外橫財，這種追求更多的是尋求冒險刺激，並非僅僅是為了錢。
(54)令人不安的是，社會越來越傾向於用醫學的方法來處理行為問題，過去更為嚴厲的前輩們解釋為“意志力薄弱”的行為，現在通常被定義為“沉溺症”。在科學或者所謂“科學”的推動下，社會正將之前被視為性格缺陷、道德淪喪的現象重新劃分為類似於生理障礙的人格疾病。
(55)賭博一直是美國人生活中的一個司空見慣的現象，但是長期以來，人們通常把它視作是一種罪過或者一種社會疾病。而現在賭博卻成為一項社會政策：在美國，對賭博最重要、最積極的推動者就是政府。
美國有44個州發行彩票，29個州開設賭場，而且這些州大多在不同程度上依賴或者說是“沉溺於”來自於賭博的收入。自從1995年第一家線上賭博網站建立以來，爭奪賭徒手中金錢的競爭變得更加激烈。《新聞週刊}10月28日報道說，每週有200萬賭徒光顧1，800家虛擬賭場。因今年共有35億美元丟到了網路賭博中，賭博業已經超過色情業成為網路上利潤最大的行業。
答案及解析
51.C 【解析】本題是順接關係題。該空格位於第三段的開頭，因此要結合上下文，注意其敘述或銜接關係。空格前後都是在講述威廉姆斯賭博的具體事例，且出現了大量的數字，由前文的$20和$800再到空格後的'$21，000和$72，185，數字越來越大，這表明他越賭輸掉的錢就越多。由此可推斷，空白處也應與他的輸贏或輸贏的數目有關。瀏覽各選項，只有C出現了數字$5，000 和$5，500，與前後文的數字形成照應。另外，從邏輯關係上看，空格前一句提到，威廉姆斯稱這些賭博活動為“電子”，接下來的內容該是具體說明他是如何逐步賭博成癮的，這由輸錢金額的漸增體現出來。C選項的事實資料與上下文在邏輯表達方向上一致。
52.A 【解析】本題是轉折關係題。該空格出現在第五段，要求填入一個完整的段落。空格前的內容談到在朋友寫信告知那家賭場有關威廉姆斯賭博上癮的問題後，賭場似乎已經盡到了它的義務：將其列入了禁止進入賭場的名單，並提到他若再次進入此賭場需出示相關醫學和心理學資訊，以證明光顧賭場不會對他的安全和健康造成任何威脅。但實際上從下一段內容得知，賭場在明知他上癮的情況下並未採取行動。選項A段落即由“al-though”引起轉折，提到儘管威廉姆斯沒有提供相關證據，但還是頻頻收到賭場市場部的郵件，而且進入賭場使用開心卡也無人察覺，繼續說明了賭場的行為：表面上禁止，卻仍在暗中鼓勵他賭博。如此一來，與之前內容構成了轉折關係。另外，該選項中的“Although no such evidence was presented”和上文中的“he would have to present medical/psychological information”語義上銜接緊密，“such evidence”與“medical/psychological informa-tion”形成合理的指代關係，構成篇章的一致性。
53.B 【解析】本題是順接關係題。該空格出現在第七段，也要求填入一個完整的段落。空格前面談到威廉姆斯對賭場的控訴，明明知道賭徒已經“不可救藥地沉溺於賭博”仍然故意“引誘”(1ure)他“做出違背自己意願(will)的行為”。空格後引出一個新話題介紹“病態賭博行為”的一個定義。按照邏輯關係，空格處的內容應與上一段或下一段相關。瀏覽各選項，可以發現，選項B中“…what luring was required…was his will operative”再次出現了關鍵詞“lure”和“will”，對前面的內容進一步作了補充和說明，且提出問題讓下一段回答，正好起到了承上啟下的作用。F項 雖然也再次出現了前一句的“will”，但“用醫學的方法來處理行 為問題”與前一段語義上不銜接，故排除。G項提到了“compul-sive behavior”，但其中的新話題“線上賭博”也與上文不銜接。
54.F 【解析】本題是順接關係題。該空格屬於第九段的段首句。空格前面提到了“病態賭博行為”的一個定義。空格後則指出“socie-ty is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.”社會對性格缺陷或道德淪喪的新看法。即上下文都從理論上談及賭博，與賭場或賭徒的具體行為不相關，所以可以排除A、C、E三項。根據上下文的銜接關係又可將D、G兩項排除，因為其中 都引入了新資訊：政府與網上賭博。8項的“compulsive behav-ior”雖與前面的“uncontrollable”相呼應，卻與下文沒有任何關 聯。而F項內容上也談到了社會對意志力薄弱這一行為的新看 法，與前後文都具有意義和邏輯上的一致性。此外，該選項的 “defining as…”與空格後的“reclassifying…as…”結構類似，且 “medicalize”與上文的“diagnostic，mental disorders，，pathologi-cal”和空格後的“physical”都是屬於醫學範疇的詞;“weakness of will”與空格後的“character flaws”這一資訊相關。
55.D 【解析】本題是順接關係題。此空格出現在第十段，要求填入一個完整的段落。空格前面主要介紹了社會現在對“病態賭博行為”的定義。空格後面則具體描述了賭博在美國的發展情況以及導致這一現象的原因。根據邏輯關係分析，空格處的內容可 能會起到承上啟下的作用。分析各選項，可發現，D選項的第一 句內容“…a common feature of American life…a sin，or a social disease”正好承接上文，和下文的具體例子之間也構成了總結例證的邏輯關係，其中“a sin，or a social disease”與前一句的“char-acter flaws or moral failings”相照應;第二句則引出了下一段所描述的賭博業蓬勃發展的現象，且“government”與下一段首句的“states”照應。
