商業托福考試閱讀題型解析

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　　投行的快樂和苦惱

並非所有地方的投行環境都是那麼令人生畏——至少在東方不是。湯姆森金融(Thomson Financial)稱，今年到目前為止，亞太地區(日本除外)的交易規模比去年同期增長了40%。市場的復甦令證券交易業務大獲其利。第三季度，在全球其它市場局面相當糟糕的情況下，花旗集團(Citigroup)在亞太地區賺取了11億美元的淨利潤，僅略少於2002年全年的貢獻。美國銀行(Bank of America)持有的中國建設銀行(CCB)股份在第三季度增值達42億美元。雖然人們感覺不到，但這一收益在規模上要遠遠大於同一季度14.6億美元的交易損失。

It’s not all grim in investment banking ? at least not out east. Asia Pacific ex-Japan deal sizes are up 40 per cent year-to-date, according to Thomson Financial. Resurgent markets are benefiting securities trading. In an otherwise ugly third quarter, Citigroup generated net earnings of $1.1bn in the region ? not far short of the entire 2002 contribution. Bank of America’s stake in China Construction Bank was worth an extra $4.2bn over the course of the third quarter. That dwarfs the $1.46bn of trading losses racked up in the same quarter, in magnitude if not perception.

即便在全球情況普遍不錯的時候，亞洲業務的盈利表現也更勝一籌。以高盛(Goldman Sachs)為例，該銀行去年的稅前收益有28%來自亞洲，相比之下只有21%來自歐洲。這一增長部分源自中國規模巨大的私有化交易。不過，該行一些最大的客戶也來自亞洲：國家支援的投資機構，如活躍在全球舞臺上的新加坡政府投資公司(GIC)和淡馬錫(Temasek)。亞洲中產階級的崛起，意味著即使那些傳統上專注於批發服務的銀行也在增加人手。蘇格蘭皇家銀行(Royal Bank of Scotland)計劃，到2010年，其收入的10%來自亞洲。

Even when times are universally good, Asia punches above its weight in terms of profitability. Take Goldman Sachs, which last year derived 28 per cent of pre-tax earnings from Asia compared with just 21 per cent in Europe. Part of the growth is due to China’s mega-privatisations. But Asia is also home to some of the bank’s biggest-spending clients: state-backed investment agencies such as Singapore’s GIC and Temasek, which are active on the global stage. The emergence of Asian middle classes means even banks traditionally focused on wholesale services are beefing up. Royal Bank of Scotland is targeting 10 per cent of revenues from Asia by 2010.

越來越依賴亞洲並非沒有風險——在1997至1998年的金融危機和隨後的非典危機中見證了市場崩潰的人可以證實這一點。中國的股票發行更多的是選擇在上海進行，而不是自由開放的香港——在上海，只有很少幾家國際承銷商和交易商得到了牌照。亞洲的政策制定者可以破壞有利可圖的業務：例如，印度政府上週就宣佈限制參與憑證(participatory note)的使用。但是，亞洲狂歡年的真正麻煩在於，獎金池是全球性的。亞洲的IPO從業人員已經開始抱怨，西方機構分得的蛋糕太大了。

A growing dependence on Asia is not without risks ? as those who watched markets flounder during the financial crisis of 1997-98 and the subsequent Sars virus could testify. More Chinese equity offerings are taking place in Shanghai, where only a handful of international underwriters and traders are licensed, rather than in free-for-all Hong Kong. Regional policy makers can pull the rug from under lucrative business lines, as seen last week when India restricted the use of participatory notes.

But the real downside to a cracking year in Asia is that bonus pools are global. Asian IPO toilers are starting to moanthat too big a share of the spoils ends up in pockets back west.

　　管管倫敦的騎車族吧!

不久前，有一篇報道說，自行車車座會對生殖器官造成損傷性影響，經常騎車的男性可能因此患上不育症。這讓我太高興了。在我看來，任何阻止騎車人繁衍後代的事都是好事，應該加以歡迎。

Some while ago I read a newspaper story saying male cyclists who rode a lot risked impotence because of the damaging effect of the saddle on their reproductive organs. It quite made my day. In my opinion, anything that stops cyclists breeding is to be welcomed as an unmitigated good.

騎自行車的人真討厭。至少，我每天在倫敦見到的那些騎車人真讓人討厭。表面上，他們看起來像是和藹可親、值得尊敬、遵紀守法的中產階級人士。通常情況下，也許確實如此。但這幫人蹬起自行車的那一刻，就不是那麼回事兒了。

I hate cyclists. At least, I hate the ones I see in London every day. Outwardly, they may appear to be nice, respectable, law-abiding, middle-class people, and perhaps they normally are. But the moment they straddle their bikes, something snaps.

讓騎車族變壞的不僅是自以為是，而是一種根深蒂固的不公平感。一方面，他們感到自鳴得意，高人一等。另一方面，他們容易出車禍，這一點很傷自尊。如此不公平讓騎車族怒火滿腔，把他們變成了十足的瘋子。他們被一種復仇的慾望攫住，要報復這個殘酷、如此錯待他們的社會。

It is not just the self-righteousness that gets to them. It is a deep-seated sense of injustice. On the one hand, they feel smug and superior, yet on the other, they are constantly humiliated by the knowledge of their acute vulnerability. The unfairness of it all fills them with such outrage that they turn into complete nutters, gripped by a desire for vengeance on a world that has wronged them so cruelly.

騎車族對法律的蔑視令人吃驚。他們一向無視紅燈，讓本應該安全無虞的過街行人險象環生。這幫人沿著單行線逆行，每天早晨竟在我們當地國小門外跟家長和孩子玩“閃人”遊戲。只要他們覺得方便，這幫人就會騎過人行交叉路口，騎上人行道。他們當中比較好鬥的，還會朝擋路人破口大喊大叫。至於那些一時誤入自行車道的汽車司機或行人，但願老天保佑所有的人吧。

Their contempt for the law is breathtaking. They routinely ignore red traffic lights, menacing pedestrians crossing the road when it ought to be safe. They cycle the wrong way along one-way streets, notably outside our local primary school where they play dodge ’em with the parents and children every morning. They race over pedestrian crossings and along the pavements whenever it suits them, the more aggressive of them screaming abuse at anyone who gets in their way. Yet heaven help anyone, car driver or pedestrian, who strays even momentarily into a cycle lane.

這要緊嗎?當然要緊。顯然，騎車族公然藐視法律，對公眾安全是一種威脅。另外，這也影響了倫敦的生活質量。騎車族不僅把步行變成一種極不愉快、有時甚至嚇人的經歷，還給人一種無法無天、混亂無序的感覺。

Does it matter? Yes, very much. Obviously, cyclists’ flagrant disrespect for the law is a threat to public safety. It also affects the quality of life in London, not just by making walking unpleasant and sometimes even frightening, but by contributing to a sense of lawlessness and disorder.

更重要的是，如果某個特定的馬路使用群體認為自己可以凌駕於法律之上，那可是件非常糟糕的事兒。而更糟糕的是，政府和警察默許這種行為。為什麼騎車族可以隨意做出違反交通法規的危險舉動?而大批警察、交通管理員和私人承包商卻要藉助監視攝像頭和其它技術，隨時準備撲向開汽車的人?並因為最微不足道的違規行為，罰他們的錢，沒收他們的車、甚至加以更重的.懲罰?

More important, it is bad enough that a particular group of road users should regard themselves as above the law; it is much worse that the government and police should connive in it. Why should cyclists be allowed to commit dangerous traffic offences at will while vast numbers of police, traffic wardens and private sector contractors, assisted by spy cameras and other technology, are ready to pounce on car drivers for even the most trivial violations and punish them with heavy fines, the confiscation of their vehicles or worse?

倫敦早該整治一下騎車族的行為了。我無意阻止人們騎車，可我確實希望騎車族能夠認識到，頭盔上環繞的綠色光環，並不能讓他們成為不用遵守交通法規的特殊群體，就像不能因為騎自行車去超市就有權偷東西而不受罰一樣。

It is time London cracked down on cyclists’ behaviour. I do not want to stop people cycling but I do want them to realise that the green halo hovering over their helmets does not put them in a special category of road users to whom no laws apply, any more than cycling to the supermarket gives them the right to shoplift with impunity.

我知道，這麼做有困難。目前，很難懲罰違規的騎車人。警察攔下一個騎車闖紅燈的人，騎車人留下個假名、假地址就走了，依舊在單行路上逆行，誰也沒辦法。

I realise the difficulty. At present, it is difficult to punish cyclists for breaking the law. The police stop a cyclist for jumping a red light, she gives them a false name and address and off she goes, the wrong way up a one way street. There is nothing much anyone can do.

其實，還是有辦法的。現在，應該對自行車頒發牌照。所有16歲以上使用公共道路的騎車人，都應該持有牌照。他們並不用通過考試獲得牌照，但這個制度必須自負盈虧，讓申請者出錢。如果不出錢的話，騎車族就是在馬路基建上揩油的人。目前，馬路使用費主要是由汽車使用者交納的。如果你想到這點，就知道我這個要求並不過分。

Except, there is. It is time to introduce cyclist licensing. All cyclists over the age of 16 using public roads should be required to hold a licence. They would not need to pass a test to obtain one but the system would have to be self-financing, requiring applicants to pay a fee. This is not asking much when you consider that cyclists are otherwise freeloaders on road infrastructure that is overwhelmingly paid for by motorists.

發放牌照可以改變執法，騎自行車的人要隨身攜帶牌照，以此提供身份證明。如果違規人不能出示牌照，那麼就在當事人出示牌照之前，把其自行車沒收。與開汽車的人一樣，如果騎車族危及行人或其它道路使用者安全，就要在其牌照上做個記錄，違規三次就要加以取締。

Licensing would transform enforcement. Cyclists would be required to carry their licences with them at all times, providing proof of their identity. Those stopped for an offence who failed to produce one would have their cycles confiscated until they did so. As with motorists, cyclists endangering pedestrians or other road users would have their licences endorsed, with three offences leading to a ban.

如今，騎車族上人行道要罰款30英鎊。這種微不足道的罰款也應大幅提高。只有這樣，執法才能在財政上自給自足。與開汽車的人一樣，倫敦各個區政府可以僱用一些交通管理員，對騎自行車違規者加以追究和罰款，也可以把這項工作外包給私人承包商。

Today’s piffling fines – ￡30 for riding on the pavement – should also be drastically raised. Then, enforcement could become self-financing. As with motorists, local authorities could employ teams of wardens to hunt down and penalise errant cyclists, or else turn the job over to private contractors.

我知道，不是所有的騎車人都不好。就在幾個月前，我還看見一位騎車人在紅燈處停了下來。不過，如果我們對騎車族的厭惡少一些，那些好的騎車人也可以從上述措施中受益。這就是我要改變的事情。我主張，現在就對自行車實施牌照制度，以塑造一個更安全，更公平，總而言之，更文明的社會。

I realise not all cyclists are bad; just a few months ago, I saw one stop at a red light. But the good ones will benefit from these measures if the rest of us hate cyclists less. So that is what I would change. I would introduce cyclist licensing now, for a safer, fairer and altogether more civil society.