一、名詞
【考點直擊】
1.可數名詞和不可數名詞的用法;
2.名詞所有格的構成及用法;
3.近義名詞的辨析。
【名師點睛】
一、名詞的數
1.單數和複數
可數名詞有單數和複數兩種形式。複數形式通常是在單數形式後加詞尾“-s”構成，其主要變法如下：
(1)一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2)以s，x，ch，sh，結尾的詞加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge結尾的名詞加s，例如：orange—oranges。
(4)以子音母加y結尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以母音字母加y結尾的名詞的複數形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o結尾的詞多數都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個母音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
(6)以f或fe結尾的詞，多數變f為v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
複數詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法如下表所示。
複數詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法
情 況
讀法
例 詞
在[p][t][k][f]等清子音後
[s]
cups, hats, cakes
在[s][z][t][ ][F]等音後
[iz]
glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces
在[b][d][
][v]等濁子音後
[z]
beds, dogs, cities, knives
(7)少數名詞有不規則的複數形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】與man和woman構成的合成詞，其複數形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故複數形式為 Germans;man, woman等作定語時，它的單複數以其所修飾的名詞的單複數而定，如：men workers， women teachers。
有個別名詞單複數一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當fish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加複數詞尾。
(8)單數形式但其意為複數的名詞有：people, police等。
(9)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式，中間加連字元。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)還有些名詞僅有複數形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
(11)只用作單數的複數形式的名詞有：
科學名詞：physics, mathematics/maths
遊戲名稱：bowls
專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名詞：news, falls
2.不可數名詞“量”的表示方法
在英語中，不可數名詞如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 這類定語，例如：
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器後加複數，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可數名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。
二、名詞的所有格
名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領屬關係。
1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數形式是加 's,其複數形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其結尾不是s的複數形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結構，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果兩個名詞並列，並且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms(約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間);Tom's and Mary's bikes(兩人各自的自行車)。
兩個名詞並列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room(約翰和瑪麗共有一間);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom與Mary是兄妹)。
【例項解析】
These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor
C. women doctors D. woman doctor
答案：C。該題考查的是名詞作定語時的變化。woman 作定語時要和被修飾的名詞保持數的一致。
2. (2004年河北省會考試題)
This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案：D。該題考查的是並列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個房間時，只在後面的名詞後加’s。
3. (2004年吉林省會考試題)
---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
答案：D。該題考查的是特殊名詞的複數形式。從謂語動詞來判斷，主語應該是複數名詞。只有sheep可用作複數名詞。
4. (2004年佛山市會考試題)
---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea
答案：C。該題考查的是名詞的類別。三種東西中只有tea能喝。
【會考演練】
一. 單項填空
1.--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s
England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner
looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once
4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
e is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name
are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans
______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children
13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
ANCE NESS HOURS
SIDE UP SMOKING
they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
e are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
二. 根據下列句子的情景及所給漢語註釋，寫出所缺單詞。
1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(雜誌) in our school library.
2. Please turn to another _______(頻道), I don’t like this show.
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
.4. Autumn is my favourite (季節)
5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?
---Three.
6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.
7. June 1st is __________(兒童) Day.
8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.
9. ---Does this piece of ______(音樂) sound nice?
---Yes. It’s wonderful!
10. May 12th is the International _______(護士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.
三. 根據句意和所給首字母寫出所缺的單詞。
1. “What’s your n_______?”
“Li Lei.”
2. How many d_______ does your uncle have?
3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.
4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.
5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.
6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival.
