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一、定義
1.語言學Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.普通語言學General Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.語言language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。
4.識別特徵Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
語言識別特徵是指人類語言區別與其他任何動物的交際體系的`限定性特徵。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多產性
Duality雙重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化傳遞
⑴arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
⑶Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
⑷Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5.語言能力Competence
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.語言運用performance
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
語言運用是所掌握的規則在語言交際中的體現。
7.歷時語言學Diachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.共時語言學Synchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.語言langue
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.言語parole
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.規定性Prescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性Descriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
二、知識點
uage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
語言不是一種孤立的現象，而是人類在一定的社會環境下進行的一種社會活動。
2.幾種觀點和現象的提出者：
⑴瑞士語言學家 Saussure Saussure:Langue和parole的區別
⑵U.S.A linguist sky美國語言學家sky
in1950針對Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance
⑶曾經對語言概念下過定義的語言學家
Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美國語言學家Charles Hockett
提出了語言的識別特徵design features
word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
Language一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學家不只研究一種特定的語言。
order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
uage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題
t drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起語言學家注意的是語言的發音。
三、問答題
are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
do we say language is arbitrary?
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.
The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.
3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.現代語言學是描述性的，其研究以確實可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎。
traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language.
傳統語法是規定性的，研究‘高階’書面語。
modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
現代語言學主要是共時性的，重點研究現代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。
h enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?
Speech enjoys for the following reasons:
⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ?
Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study
Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
distinction between langue and parole?
⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.
1/ What is linguistics?
什麼是語言學？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.
2/ The scope of linguistics
語言學的研究範疇
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學)
The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（語音學）
The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系學）
The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. （形態學）
The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學）
The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語義學）
The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語用學）
The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社會語言學）
The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理語言學）
The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics.（應用語言學） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.
Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語言學） neurological linguistics,（神經語言學） mathematical linguistics, （數字語言學）and computational linguistics. （計算機語言學）
3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics
語言學研究中的幾對基本概念
Prescriptive and descriptive 規定與描寫
If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.
Synchronic and diachronic 共時和歷時
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.
Speech and writing 口頭語與書面語
Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.
Langue and parole 語言和言語
The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Competence and performance 語言能力和語言運用
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
