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一、 定語從句
五大概念：
概念一、什麼是定語從句?
在複合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。
在定語從句中，被修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。
在定語從句中的引導詞叫做關係詞。關係詞又分關係代詞和關係副詞。
概念二、關係詞有哪些?
1、關係代詞：which(指sth 作主語或賓語)，that(指sb或sth 作主語或賓語)，who(指sb作主語或賓語)，whom(指sb作賓語)，whose(指sb或sth，作定語),as(指sb,sth 作主語或賓語); 注意: 做賓語的時候， 關係代詞可以省略。
2、關係副詞：when(指時間 on which)，where(指地點 at which)，why(指原因 for which)
概念三、關係詞通常有下列三個作用?
1.引導定語從句; 2.代替先行詞; 3.在定語從句中擔當一個成分。
Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
概念四、關係代詞和關係副詞有何區別及方法?
主要是它們在從句中所起的作用不同。關係代詞在從句中一般作主語或賓語。而關係副詞在定語從句中作狀語。
Focus in：
v 方法一：句子成份法：關係代詞在句中充當主語、賓語;關係副詞在從句中作狀語。
v 方法二：句子完整法：關係代詞引導的定語從句不完整;關係副詞引導的定語從句是完整的。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
概念五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別
A. 限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。
B.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“...的” 通常譯成主句的並列句。 在非限制性定語從句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物。
Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那當兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學.(意含：她還有其他哥哥。)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是當兵的.，他總是鼓勵她上大學。(意含： 她只有一個哥哥。)
五大考點：
考點一. 先行詞為人時引導詞who和that
a. 用who不用that的情況：
(1)當先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those時。(2)當先行詞為人稱代詞時。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.
b. 用that不用who的情況：
1)當主句已經出現who時。2)關係代詞在定語從句中作表語時。
Who is the man that spoke to you just now?
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
考點二. 先行詞為物時引導詞that和which
a.只用that不用which 的情況：
(1)先行詞為much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代詞
(2)先行詞既有人又有物。
(3)先行詞被形容詞的最高階或序數詞修飾。
(4)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修飾
(5)關係代詞在從句中作表語.
(6) 在疑問詞who、which、what開頭的句子中
(7) 主句是there be句型：
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
All that can be done has been done.
He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.
This is the very book that I am looking for.
Who is the man that is talking to Jim?
There is a man that lives in that village.
b.只能用which不用that的情況: 1.介詞後面 2.逗號後面
1. 定語從句中的介詞前置時關係代詞只能用which
2. 引導非限制性定語從句時只能用which, 其先行詞可是一個詞,也可是整個主句或主句的某一部分.
(1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.
(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
考點三：★★★★★介詞+關係代詞 (which/ whom)
**** 關係代詞前介詞的確定方法：
1. 定語從句的動詞與先行詞的邏輯關係，或者從句的動詞、形容詞的習慣性搭配。
Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look
Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?
Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.
2.非限制性定語從句中，表示先行詞的一部分時，可用“數詞/代詞 + of + 關係代詞”的結構，
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
3. Whose從句可轉換為“ of +關係代詞”型，whose的先行詞指物時, 可用of which代替,
但詞序不同， 即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.
Of which the door open to the south.
考點四:關係副詞的運用
⑴ 先行詞為“時間的名詞”用when：time(day, night, morning, week, month, year等)+when…
Eg. I don’t remember the day when he left.(on which)
⑵ 先行詞為“表示地點的名詞” ★★★★★ where：place(case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等)+where…
Eg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which)
⑶ 先行詞為“表示原因的名詞”why：reason+why…(表示原因的名詞只有一個)
That's the reason why I helped him.(why =for which)
考點五：★★★★★ as與which引導的定語從句
兩者均可引導非限制性定語從句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情況多用as。
1. 關係代詞引導的定語從句居句首時。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 當與such , as或the same連用時，一般用as。
e.g. That’s the same tool as I used last week.
I am not so strong a man as I was.我已經沒有從前那麼強壯了。
3. 當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關係時，關係詞往往只用which。
was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
三大區別：
same... as 和 the same 的用法辨異.
That’s the same tool as I used last week.(同類事物)
That’s the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上週用過的工具。(指原物)
2. 定語從句與強調句型的區別 判斷是否是強調結構的方法是採用刪除法
分析：強調句句型：It is/was +被強調的成份+that/who +其它部分.去掉 It is/was…… ,句子照樣成立。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport.
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works.
3、定語從句與習慣句型的區別
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai.
(It is/was the first/second . time +that從句)
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life.
三大注意：
1. the way 做先行詞時，定語從句可由that, in which 引導或不用引導詞。
2. 定語從句中主謂一致問題：從句中的動詞在人稱和數方面應該與它的先行詞保持一致。
He is one of the teachers who know English well.
He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)
3.疑問句的解題思路 ：先把疑問句還原成陳述句，然後判斷誰是先行詞，再看關係詞在定語從句中所充當的成分，最後確定正確答案。
1. Is this factory ____ we visited last week?
2. Is this the factory ____ we visited last Week?
A、where B、that C、to which D、the one
★★小試牛刀
That is the factory where produces 100,000TV sets a year.
That is the factory that his father once worked.
I’ll never forget the days when we spent on that lonely island.
I’ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
二、狀語從句
一：時間狀語從句
1，連詞：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as ，every time, the moment, the minute， no sooner hardly…when等
2.五大考點：
考點 ⑴ when VS while VS as
★ 當….的時候 ★當…的時候 ★ 當….的時候
when while as ★一邊….一邊….
★趁著…時候 ★ 隨著…
考點 ⑵ till / until “直到….為止”
Eg. Mother waited for Tom till/ until it was far into the night. ( 持續性動詞)
Eg. Tom didn’t get back till / until everything was all right.(短暫性動詞)
考點⑶ when 的兩個句型
Sb is about to do sth when / Sb is doing sth when
考點 ⑷ since“ 自從”
句型：it is/ has been +一段時間+since +從句
Eg. it is three days since I left Beijing.
It has been 10 years since I smoked.
考點 ⑸ No sooner than/ hardly 一 .就..用於句首要求倒裝
Eg. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
★幾種特殊句型結構的區別：
(1)It is/was + 時刻 + when從句“某事發生時是什麼時候。”
(2)It is/has been + 時間段 + since從句“自從……以來有多長時間了。”
(3)It will/would be + 時間段 + before 從句“還要過多長時間……才……”
(4)It will/would not be + 時間段 + before 從句“過不了多長時間……就會……”
(5)It was + 時間段 + before從句“過了多長時間才……”
(6)It was not + 時間段 + before從句“沒過多長時間就……”
二、條件狀語從句
1,連線詞：if , unless( 如果..不，除非), so/as long as(只要), on condition that(條件是)，as (so) far as ( 據..所知), provided that(要是，如果)， in case(假使，如果)，等
2.兩大考點：
考點 ⑴ Once --- 一但……就……
Eg. Once you see him, you will never forget him.
考點 ⑵ In case --- 假使, 如果
The plane cannot take off in case it rains.
三，原因狀語從句
1，連線詞：
Because, since, as(放句首) , for, now that(既然，由於), when(既然), considering that(顧及到---), seeing that(由於)。(都表示原因，語氣依次減弱)
2，考試聚焦
考點一、Because VS since VS for
Because: 表示“因為”，表示直接的或明確的原因;
Since: 表示“既然”， 表示已知或顯然的原因;
for : 不是從屬連詞，而是並列連詞。它不是用來說明原因，而是用來表示一種附帶或補充解釋、說明，不放在句首。
Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.
Since everyone makes mistakes in life, you needn’t scold him for it.
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
考點二、 when 既然
Eg. How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?
四，讓步狀語：
1.連線詞:though/although(雖然), as /though(雖然), even if/though(即使)whatever(無論什麼), wherever(無論哪裡), while (儘管)等引導。
2，考試聚焦：
考點一：though/although 不與but 連用, 但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以though (although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的
考點二：while 儘管 eg. While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you.
考點三：Whether ---不管，常與or not 連用
Eg. Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
考點四：no matter +疑問詞相當於疑問詞+ever: 不管…都…
五、地點狀語從句: where/ wherever (wherever --- 無論哪裡)
考點聚焦：地點狀語從句和where定語從句的區別：
Tips: 判斷是定語從句還是地點狀語從句，要看從句前是否有先行詞，有先行詞的是定語從句，否則是狀語從句。
Eg. Where there is a will, there is a way. This is the factory where my father works.
六、結果狀語從句
1. 連線詞： so that(=in order to 因而), so…that.(太..以至於)，such…that(太…以至於)
2.考試聚焦：考點句型
(1) so + 形容詞/副詞+ that從句;
(2) such a/an + 形容詞+可數名詞單數+that從句;
(3) so + 形容詞+ a/an + 可數名詞單數+that從句;
(4)such + 形容詞+ 可數名詞複數/不可數名詞+that從句
七、目的狀語從句
1. 連線詞：so that(以便), in order that(為了), for fear that(為了防止), lest(以防)
Eg. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
八、比較狀語從句 (倍數+the depth/height/width/weight of )
1. 連線詞：A. ……as… B. …. + -er than… C. the more…the more…
Eg. This work is not as easy as you think
The more you work, the more you earn. He runs faster than i.
The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.
The room is twice the size of that one. The well is three times the depth of that one.
★ While 的總結用法：1. 當…的時候;2. 而，卻;3. 趁著;4. 只要;5.雖然，儘管。
