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ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants
Children have an increased risk of attention problems, seen as early as grade school, if their morns inhaled (吸入) a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels,wood and trash. Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health. In a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew (排放) PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe (探查) other sources of PAHs, ones that would have been hard for an individual to avoid.
The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason: Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in these children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whether her child had problems doing things that needed sustained (長期的) mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in 10 U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect.
Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Others had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published on November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.
16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects'physical health.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.
A. Right
B. Wrong
D. Not mentioned
20. Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
答案與解析
16.B。題幹：Perera和她的團隊挑選了來自全美國的不吸菸的婦女。利用題幹關鍵詞Perera和non—smokin9可以定位到文章第二段第三句，意為“她和她的團隊研究了紐約市233名非吸菸的`孕婦暴露在空氣汙染中的情況”，由此可知只是紐約市而非全美國，題幹所述與原文資訊不一致，故該題答案為8。
17.B。題幹：研究的主要目的是發現暴露於PAHs對研究物件的身體健康如何造成傷害。利用題幹關鍵詞purpose of research和harm the physical health可以定位到文章第二段最後一句，意為“研究者想探查PAHs的其他來源”，由此可知題幹所述與原文資訊不一致，故該題答案為B。
18.B。題幹：選擇不吸菸的媽媽們是因為吸菸對於PAHs的影響還不清楚。利用題幹關鍵詞non—smoking mother和effect ofPAHd可以定位到文章第二段倒數第二句，指選擇不吸菸的孕婦媽媽是“因為吸菸會導致環芳香烴(PAl-I)排入空氣中或吸入肺中，所以她們的團隊關注不吸菸者”，由此可知吸菸對於PAl-Is的影響是清楚的，所以題幹所述與原文資訊不一致，故該題答案為B。
19.C。題幹：每個婦女的血液在懷孕期問每個月檢測一次。利用題幹關鍵詞blood和once a month進行定位，發現沒有相關資訊，由此可知該題答案為C。
20.C。題幹：患有ADHD的孩子通常在學校學業不好。利用題幹關鍵詞kinds withADHDs和school進行定位，發現沒有相關資訊，由此可知該題答案為C。
21.A。題幹：血液中有較多PAHs的婦女所生的孩子更可能會患有ADHD。利用題幹關鍵詞levels ofPAHs和have kids with ADHD可以定位到最後一段的倒數第二句，意為“血液中含有較多PAHs的女性所生的孩子到9歲時，孩子出現注意力不集中問題的概率提高了五倍”，由此可知題幹所述與原文資訊一致，所以該題答案為A。
22.A。題幹：對研究物件來說，交通和家庭採暖被認為是PAHs的最主要的來源。利用題幹關鍵詞traffic and home heating可以定位到最後一段的第一句，意為“在所研究的婦女中，交通和家庭採暖是主要的空氣汙染的來源”，由此可以推知交通和家庭採暖是PAHs的主要來源，所以該題答案為A。
