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new weapon to fight cancer
1. British scientists are preparing to launch trialsof a radical new way to fight cancer, which killstumours by infecting them with viruses like thecommon cold.
2. If successful, virus therapy could eventuallyform a third pillar alongside radiotherapy andchemotherapy in the standard arsenal againstcancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has beenworking on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later thisyear. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’spioneering techniques.
4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with virusesthat kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve gotsomething which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.
5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s localimmune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can geta virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immunesystem to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."
6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get amillion copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent andrepeat the process," said Prof Seymour.
7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant tostandard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage inkilling drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."
8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and someaspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists havepreviously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the canceris inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.
9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immunesystem, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread throughthe blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a wayto deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune systemdestroying them on the way.
10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coataround it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.
11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have thechemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognisedand mopped up by the body’s immune system.
12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, whichsometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statisticof patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases,"said Prof Seymour.
13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, whichnormally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in thevaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them lesspathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally toliver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose ofvirus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on thepolymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though theapproach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventionaltreatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
(665 Words)
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in the reading passage? Forquestions 1-6 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with theinformation
FALSE if the statement contradicts theinformation
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this inthe passage
s therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.
er Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virustherapy.
s can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.
er’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor andreplicate.
infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.
arches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.
Question 7-9
Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.
rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found
(A) on TV
(B) in magazines
(C) on internet
(D) in newspapers
treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to
(A) change the body’ immune system
(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
(C) increase the amount of injection
(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.
the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies
(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.
(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.
Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can onlyuse each word once.
NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.
In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both theviruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11……e uncoated viruses will be applied directlyto certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. Theexperiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
List of Words
dosage responding smallpox virus
disable natural ones inject
directed treatment cold-like illness
kill patients examined
Answers Keys:
1.答案：FALSE (見第2段：If successful, virustherapy could eventually form a third pillaralongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in thestandard arsenal against cancer, while avoidingsome of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。)
2.答案：TRUE (見第3段，特別是最後一句： CancerResearch UK said yesterday that it was excited bythe potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneeringtechniques. )
3. 答案：NOT GIVEN (文中沒有提到virus可以抑制腫瘤細胞再生長)
4. 答案：TRUE (見第5段第3、4句： 這裡“cancer's Achilles' heel”指 “If you can get a virus intoa tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system tostop them replicating.” Achilles' heel的`意思是“唯一致命弱點”)
5. 答案：FALSE (見第6段第第1句：Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to thecancer.)
6. 答案：TRUE (見第7段：Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well ontumours resistant to standard cancer drug. ..., which could be quite different to anything we’vehad before." )
7. 答案：B (見第8段第1、2句：Researchers have known for some time that viruses can killtumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific nal意思是“日報、期刊、雜誌”)
8. 答案：D (見第9段第1句：Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus fromthe body’s immune system, ... “mask”的意思是“掩蓋、隱蔽、偽裝”， 在這裡和 “disguise”同義。)
9. 答案：B (見第11段第2句： If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quicklyrecognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.. “mop up”這裡與 “wipe out” 同義，意思是“消滅、殲滅”。)
10.答案：disable (見第13段最後1句：For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make themless pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )
11. 答案：natural ones (見第13段最後1句：For safety reasons, both will be disabled to makethem less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use naturalviruses. )
12. 答案：dosage (見第14段第1句：The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vacciniaand will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safein humans and what dose of virus will be needed.)
13. 答案：directed (見第14段最後1句：Though the approach will be examined at first forcancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, ...)
