英語的詞通常分為十大類：
1)名詞(noun，縮寫為n.)是人和事物的名稱，如pen(鋼筆)，English(英語)，life(生活)。
2)代詞(pronoun，縮寫為pron.)是用來代替名詞的詞，如we(我們)，his(他的)，all(全部)。
3)形容詞(adjective，縮寫為adj.)用來修飾名詞，如great(偉大的)，honest(誠實的)，difficult(困難的)。
4)數詞(numeral，縮寫為num.)是表示"多少"和"第幾"的詞，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
5)動詞(verb，縮寫為v)表示動作和狀態，如write(寫)，walk(行走)，think(想)。
6)副詞(adverb，縮寫為。adv.)是修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞的詞，如quickly(快)，often(經常)，very(很)。
7)冠詞(article，縮寫為art.)說明名詞所指的人或物的詞，如a，an(一個)，the(這，那)。
8)介詞(preposition，縮寫為prep.)表示名詞(或代詞)與句子裡其它詞的'關係，如from(從)，in(在…內)，between(在…之間)。
9)連詞(conjunction，縮寫為conj.)是連線詞、短語、從句和句子的詞，如and(和)，because(因為)，if(假如)。
10)感嘆詞(interjection，縮寫為int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(噓)。
[注一]屬於前六類(名、代、形、數、動、副等詞)的詞都有實義，叫做實詞(notional word)。屬於後四類(冠、介、連、感等詞)的詞沒有實義，叫做虛詞(form word)。
[注二]不少詞可以屬於幾個詞類，如work(工作;動詞和名詞)，fast(快;形容詞和副詞)，since(自從;連詞和介詞)等。
【相關閱讀】英語四級動詞語法講解
Ⅰ動詞(時態,語態,用法,省略,一致性等)
時態
1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時已發生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語態
可以有兩種被動結構的型別,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時適用於上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態
雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語後面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補結構的被動語態:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語動詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動語態)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
