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1 the contact between coach and employee not solving all difficulties at work
2 the discussion of how certain situations could be better handled if they occur again
3 a coach encouraging an employee to apply what has been taught to routine work situations
4 coaching providing new interest to individuals who are unhappy in their current positions
5 coaching providing a supportive environment to discuss performance
6 employees being asked to analyse themselves and practise greater self-awareness
7 coaching enabling a company to respond rapidly to a lack of expertise in a certain area
Coaching
A
Coaching involves two or more people sitting down together to talk through issues that have come up recently at work, and analysing how they were managed and how they might be dealt with more effectively on subsequent occasions. Coaching thus transfers skills and information from one person to another in an on-the-job situation so that the work experience of the coach is used to advise and guide the individual being coached. It also allows successes and failures to be evaluated in a non-threatening atmosphere.
B
Coaching means influencing the learner's personal development, for example his or her confidence and ambition. It can take place any time during an individual's career. Coaching is intended to assist individuals to function more effectively, and it is a powerful learning model. It begins where skills-based training ends, and helps individuals to use formally learnt knowledge in day-to-day work and management situations. Individuals being coached are in a demanding situation with their coach, which requires them to consider their own behaviour and question their reasons for doing things.
C
The coach professionally assists the career development of another individual, outside the normal manager/subordinate relationship. In theory, the coaching relationship should provide answers to every problem, but in practice it falls short of this. However, it can provide a space for discussion and feedback on topics such as people management and skills, behaviour patterns, confidence-building and time management. Through coaching, an organisation can meet skills shortages, discuss targets and indicate how employees should deal with challenging situations, all at short notice.
D
Effective coaches are usually those who get satisfaction from the success of others and who give time to the coaching role. Giving people coaching responsibilities can support their development, either by encouraging management potential through small-scale one-to-one assignments, or by providing added job satisfaction to managers who feel they are stuck in their present jobs. A coach is also a confidential adviser, accustomed to developing positive and effective approaches to complex management, organisational and change problems.
這篇文章講的是培訓(coaching)的作用。培訓對一個公司的發展和員工的成長都是至關重要的。文章的內容比較泛，但是題目的答案比較明顯。
第一題，教練和員工之間的接觸不能解決工作中的所有困難。答案是C段的這麼一句：In theory, the coaching relationship should provide answers to every problem, but in practice it falls short of this.理論上，培訓可以提供所有問題的答案。但是實踐中達不到這樣。Fall short of是關鍵詞。
第二題，討論某些情況如果再度出現的話怎麼樣可以處理的更好。答案是A段的這麼一句：analysing how they were managed and how they might be dealt with more effectively on subsequent occasions.分析應該如何進行處理並且在接下來的情況下怎樣可以處理的更有效。這裡的dealt with more effectively對應於題幹中的`better handled，on subsequent occasions.也就是occur again。
第三題，教練鼓勵員工將所學應用到日常的工作中。答案是B段的這麼一句：helps individuals to use formally learnt knowledge in day-to-day work and management situations.幫助個人將學到的正式知識用在日常工作和管理情況下。這裡的day-to-day work and management situations就是題幹中的routine work situations，what has been taught也就是formally learnt knowledge。
第四題，培訓為在現有崗位上不高興的個人提供了新的興趣。答案是D段的這麼一句：providing added job satisfaction to managers who feel they are stuck in their present jobs。對感覺自己在現有崗位上受困的經理們提供附加的工作滿足感。這裡的stuck in their present jobs就是題幹中的unhappy in their current position，added job satisfaction可以對應於題幹中的new interest。
第五題，培訓提供了一個有力的、支援性的討論工作表現的環境。答案是A段的：It also allows successes and failures to be evaluated in a non-threatening atmosphere.它允許成功和失敗在一個沒有威脅的氣氛下被評估。成功和失敗也就是performance，supportive environment可以對應於non-threatening atmosphere。
第六題，員工被要求分析他們自己並且培養出更強的自知。有必要理解下self-awareness的含義，不能簡單的從中文理解成自我意識，看英文解釋：knowledge and understanding of yourself。所以答案是B段的這麼一句：requires them to consider their own behaviour and question their reasons for doing things.要求他們考慮自己的行為並且思考這麼做的理由。consider their own behaviour可以對應於題幹中的analyse themselves，思考這麼做的理由也是為了進一步增進對自己的認識。
第七題，培訓可以使得公司對某個領域的技術缺失迅速做出反應。答案是C段的最後一句：indicate how employees should deal with challenging situations, all at short notice.指出員工怎樣處理有挑戰性的情況，在短時間內。At short notice是一接到通知就，短時間內的意思,可以對應這一題的respond rapidly，challenging situations可以指代題幹中的a lack of expertise in a certain area.
