想要學好英語四六級怎麼能不知道基本語法呢?下面小編就為大家講解一下。
第一部分 四六級七種語法特點介紹篇
四級考試新題型雖然取消語法和詞彙題型，但在仔細閱讀的選詞填空題、完型填空題/改錯及翻譯題變相考察考生的語法知識。因此，語法仍是不可忽視的重要部分。考察比例：語法部分約佔40%，詞彙部分約佔60%，而且多有交叉。總的來說語法題主要有以下考點：
1. 虛擬語氣。強調說話人的主觀願望和假想情況。考生應著重複習能引起虛擬語氣的某些介詞、介詞短語和連詞(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語，由於本身隱含說話人的主觀願望，其後的主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句往往採用 “should+動詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用適當形式表達主觀願望;混合虛擬句。
2. 主謂一致。這類考題靈活性大，需要根據實際情況判斷謂語動詞的單複數形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語時謂語動詞多采用複數形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and連線的成分表單一概念時謂語動詞用單數;就近原則：主語中含有某些連詞(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)時，謂語動詞的數同第一個主語保持一致。
3. 倒裝結構。表示強調或突出，分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區別，as在倒裝結構中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應當重視的地方。
4. 非謂語動詞。這是詞彙與結構考試中語法部分的重中之重，解題時可以從三個方面入手：①根據非謂語動詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語的一致關係，確定使用主動語態或被動語態，然後考慮採用現在分詞、現在分詞被動式或過去分詞;②非謂語動詞同主句謂語動詞動作發生的先後關係。動作正在進行的用現在分詞進行式，同時發生或不分先後發生的用現在現在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語動詞之前發生的用現在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發生在主句謂語動詞之後的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。
5. 獨立主格題。一般說來，在句子中沒有連線詞的情況下，逗號是無力連線兩個句子的，其中一個分句要麼是非謂語形式，要麼是獨立主格結構。這兩種結構都做狀語，不同的是獨立主格結構有自己的邏輯主語。
6. 時態。英語中一共有16個時態，最常用的5個時態是一般現在時、現在進行時、一般過去式、一般將來時和現在完成時。四級考試中出現最多的考點是將來完成時、現在完成時、過去完成時和完成進行時。針對這一題型，考生首先要抓住的就是時間狀語，是現在時間、將來時間還是過去時間?是短暫時間還是延續性時間?
7. 名詞性從句。形容詞性的定語從句是考核的重點，用什麼引導詞，引導詞前面的介詞形式，引導詞在從句中做什麼成分(做賓語、主語還是狀語等)，從句的語序等等均有可能成為考點。此外，主語從句、同位語從句、賓語從句也應適當複習。
第二部分 四級語法提綱
Ⅰ動詞(時態,語態,短語動詞,省略,一致性等)
1. 時態
1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
2. 語態
1) 可以有兩種被動結構的型別,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時適用於上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)
2) 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態
a) 雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語後面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
b) 賓補結構的被動語態:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
3. 短語動詞
1) Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
2) Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
3) Vi + prep (有被動語態)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
4) Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
5) Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)
I am trying to give up smoking.
7) Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
4. 省略
1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.
a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.
She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.
b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.
2) 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.
a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.
We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.
b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).
He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.
Their training is free, as is all education.
We will, as always, stand on your side.
3) 錯誤的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.
5. 一致
1) 如果主語是單數,儘管後面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數形式.
Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.
The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.
2) 代詞作主語時的.一致
a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構成的複合代詞,都作單數看待.
Each of us has something to say.
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
Neither of us has gone through regular training.
Has either of them told you?
b) some, few, both, many 等作複數
c) some 可後接複數,也可接單數,表示某一.
none作複數看待時較多,但也有時作單數看待,主要看說話人腦中聯絡想到的是複數還是單數概念, 但none 在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數:
None of the books are easy enough for us
None of us seem to have thought of it.
None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.
None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.
None of this worries me.
all 和most 可後接複數,也可接不可數名詞 (all of the…, most of the …), 動詞用單數.
3) 由and 或 both… and 連線名詞片語時, 後用複數; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 連線的並列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.
Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.
My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.
Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
如果一個句子是由there 或here引導, 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.
There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作複數.
Cattle are grazing on the pasture.
The police are looking for him.
有些集體名詞有時作單數看待, 有時作複數看待, 主要根據意思來決定 family isn’t very large.
His family are all music lovers.
The committee meets twice a month.
The committee are divided in opinion.
The audience was enormous.
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
有些名詞單複數同形, 可根據意思決定謂語動詞的數:
This new series is beginning next month.
These new series are beginning next month.
This species is now extinct.
These species are now extinct.
5) 表示時間, 重量, 長度, 價值等的名詞, 儘管仍是複數形式, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單數形式 (當然用複數動詞也是可以的):
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
One hundred li was covered in a single night.
6) 其他問題
a) 書名, 國家名用單數:
Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.
b) 學科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數.
c) many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時, 謂語動詞多用單數形式:
Many a person has had that kind of experience.
More than one person has involved in the case.
a number of 後接複數, the number of後接單數:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.
d) one of those 後用單數. 在“one of + 複數名詞 +關係分句”結構中，關係分句中謂語動詞的單複數形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據先行詞采用複數形式：
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
當one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語時，關係分句謂語動詞根據one 而定，即採用單數形式：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
Ⅱ 非謂語動詞
1. 不定式
1) 形式
主動形式 被動形式
一般式 to do， to be done
完成式 to have done， to have been done
進行式 to be doing
完成進行式 to have been doing
a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之後發生. 假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式.
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
(比較: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
He pretended not to have seen me.
b) 進行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式.
You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
c) 完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
We are happy to have been working with you.
d) 被動式: 當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
2) 功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
不定式做賓語補足語
有些動詞和短語可用不定式做賓語補足語，構成句型：主語+謂語動詞+賓語+不定式。
這樣的動詞有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。
這樣的短語有：call on(請求), care for(關心), count on(依靠，指望), depend on(依賴、依靠), keep on at(困擾，追問), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(選舉), prevail on (說服), rely on(信賴), wait for(等待)。
不定式做定語時，與中心詞之間在邏輯上有多種關係，其中可能是互相修飾關係。也就是：不定式修飾中心詞;不定式短語末的介詞與中心片語成介詞短語，修飾不定式。這些動詞不定式可能是及物的(帶賓語)，也可能是不及物的，要特別注意不要漏掉不定式短語末的介詞。很多名詞後可接不定式做定語，如 ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive(動力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(權力), struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 這類名詞通常表示抽象概念，後面用動詞不定式做定語，表示該名詞的具體內容。在這種結構中，不能用分詞形式。還要注意，如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞，則不定式後要加介詞，因為此時不定式與其修飾的名詞實質上有動賓關係。
3) 不帶to 的不定式:
a) 在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其後的不定式結構不帶to.
John made her tell him everything.
這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 後面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.
She was made to tell him everything.
b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之後, 動詞不定式也不帶to.
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
They cannot but accept his term.
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.
John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.
I’ve heard tell of him.
d) 在動詞help(或help +賓語)之後可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
e) 在介詞except, but 之後, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
f) 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置於句首時, 其後的不定式不帶to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出現在句中其他位置時, 其後的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
g) 用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關係分句”，“thing +關係分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，並帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
All you do now is complete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
4) 不定式的其他用法
a) too…to 結構通常表示否定意義:
She was too young to understand all that.
enough…to結構則表示肯定意義:
She was not old enough to understand all that.
not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:
He’s only too pleased to help her.
so…as (to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
b) 如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時, 不定式前可加一個of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
2. V+ing形式(現在分詞及動名詞)
1) 形式
a) 完成式: 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生, 通常用動名詞的完成形式.
He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
在某些動詞後(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式, 儘管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
另外, 獨立結構也可用現在分詞的完成形式.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
b) 被動式: 當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的物件時, 動名詞一般要用被動形式.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動詞後, 儘管表示的是被動的意思, 卻用動名詞的主動形式.
My pen needs filling.
The point deserves mentioning.
This problem requires studying with great care.
在worth這個形容詞後情形也是這樣.
Her method is worth trying.
現在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補足語, 狀語及用於獨立結構中.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.
c) 完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
但在多數情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.
現在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用於獨立結構中.
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.
2) 句法功用
a) 作主語:
Walking is good exercise.
It’s nice talking to you.
There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.
b) 作賓語:
Your shoes need polishing.
You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.
He avoided giving us a definite answer.
c) 作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多. 它常可以用在某些成語後面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.
(be) contrary to (與…相反),object(objection)to (反對), with a view to (為…起見)， in contrast to (與…成對比), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力於),resort to (訴諸於), as to (關於), be accustomed to (習慣於), be committed to (委身於), react to (對…反應), with regard to (關於), contribute to (貢獻)，owe to由於，歸功於等
d) 作表語:
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.
動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞; 在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時, 多用不定式.
e) 作賓語補足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動詞後作賓語補足語.
The words immediately set us all laughing.
Once we caught him dozing off in class.
His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞後, 及可用現在分詞, 也可用不定式構成賓語補足語. 用現在分詞時, 表示動作正在發生, 用不定式時表示動作發生了.
Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
f) 作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作, 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.
I ran out of the house shouting.
I got home, feeling very tired.
Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.
現在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當於一個表示原因的狀語從句.
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.
現在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語, 相當於when引起的從句:
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.
如果兩個動作是完全同時發生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結構.
Be careful when crossing the street.
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.
She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
3) 前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結構: 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結構), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
如果不是在句子開頭, 這個結構常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.
I don’t mind him going.
She hates people losing their temper.
4) 只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss
5) 既可用動名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.
有時兩種結構之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等詞後差別是比較明顯的.
I remember seeing her once somewhere.
I must remember to take my notebooks with me.
I regret not having accepted your advice.
I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.
She doesn’t want (need) to come.
The house wants (needs) cleaning.
We must try to get everything done in time.
Let’s try doing the work some other way.
6) 懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態.
Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的動作, 正確)
Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯誤)
Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正確)
Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (錯誤)
3. 分詞
1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義; 而現在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveller a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a closed shop the closing hour
a recorded talk a recording machine
