第五節 動名詞
1．動名詞的形式:
動名詞是由動詞原形+ing構成(如writing)，有完成時態和被動語態(如having written，being written)。
2．動名詞的用法
動名詞通常在句中作主語和賓語。
1)動名詞作主語
Going to the college is the little boy's dream．
Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam．
2)動名詞作賓語
有些動詞後面只能帶動名詞作賓語，不能帶不定式作賓語。此類動詞常見的有：admit，acknowledge，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，dislike，ensure，enjoy，escape，excuse，evade，facilitate，fancy，favour，finish，forbid，imagine，include，keep，mind, miss，postpone，practise，resent，resist，risk，suggest，quit，worth等。例如：
was considering buying a new car.
2.I hope you didn’t contemplate coming with us on this trip．
witness denied having seen the accused man．
4.I would appreciate your keeping it a secret．
3)某些短語後面只能接動名詞，不能接不定式。
此類短語常見的有：be (get) used to, be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to，be busy，be committed to，be suject to，cannot help， cannot resist，cannot stand，confess to，feel like，give up，have trouble(in), have difficulty(in)，have a good／hard time(in)，have fun(in)，have an objection to，it is no good／use，keep on，insist on，look forward to，object to，pay attention to，put off，resort to，succeed in等。例如：
1.I cannot stand getting up early in the morning．
2.I have no difficulty (in) reaching the top of the mountain.
e is no use staying on．
4.I cannot resist (his) bargaining．
ough punctual himself，the professor was quite used to students’being late for his lecture.
4)動詞或短語後面也可以接動名詞的被動形式。用主動形式還是被動形式，要根據句子的意思而定。例如:
os just missed being caught．
person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized．
c.I object to being treated like a child．
3．另一類動詞後面可以帶動名詞做賓語，也可以帶不定式作賓語。這類動詞又可以分為兩種：
1)帶動名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義無多大區別的動詞
a)在begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，dread，like，love，neglect，omit，prefer，propose等動詞之後，如表一般的行為，用動名詞作賓語為多；如表示特定的或具體的動作，則用不定式結構作賓語為多。例如：
1.I don’t like swimming.
2.I don’t like to swim this afternoon．
prefers doing it his way.
prefers to go outing tomorrow.
b)在begin, start等動詞之後，如表示有意的動作，用動名詞結構為多；如表示無意的動作，用不定式結構為多。例如：
r some hesitation，he began speaking out his own opinion．
has already begun to rain．
c)在attempt，intend，plan等動詞之後，用不定式結構與用動名詞結構意義相同，但以用不定式較為常見。例如：
intended to buy a new car．
intended travelling abroad next summer.
d)在encourage，permit，allow，recommend，advise，authorise等動詞之後，一般用動名詞作賓語，或者用不定式作賓語補足語。即：
encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+doing，或encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+somebody+to do。例如：
advised going out for a walk．
advised us to go out for a walk．
e)在agree，decide等動詞之後，可以直接跟不定式結構，但如果跟動名詞，則動詞後必須加適當的介詞。例如：
agreed to do me a favor．= He agreed on doing me a favor．
the end the manager decided to double the advertising budget．=
the end the manager decided on doubling the advertising budget．
f)在need，want，require, deserve等動詞之後，可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義，這相當於用不定式的被動形式。例如：
house needs repairing. = The house needs to be repaired.
disabled deserve respecting. = The disabled deserve to be respected．2)帶動名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義不同的動詞 a)動詞remember，forget後可以跟不定式或動名詞，但意義有明顯區別：跟動名詞，其動作發生在“記得”或“忘記”的動作之前；跟不定式，其動作發生在“記得”或“忘記”的動作之後。試比較：
1.I remember posting this letter．我記得這封信已經寄出了。
2.I remember to post this letter in the afternoon. 我記得下午要將這封信寄走。
b)動詞regret後可以跟不定式或動名詞，但意義有明顯區別：
regret doing：為做過的事感到抱歉
regret to do：為即將要做的事感到抱歉
試比較：I regret to say that I can not go with you after school．
I regret having criticized you seriously in class．
c)動詞try，mean，can not help，used to後跟不定式還是動名詞，取決於這些動詞本身的含義。例如：
should try to answer the questions by yourself．(try to do：設法或努力去做)
try using this new method．(try doing：試著做某事)
3.I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot． (mean to do：is算做某事)
ess means working very，very hard．(mean doing：意味著做某事)
5.I can't help apologizing． (can not help doing：忍不住做某事)
6.I can't help to apologize for him. (can not help to do：不能幫助做某事)
．Smith used to jog in the morning，but now he has stopped．(used to do：過去經常或總是幹某事)
nd canals are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby towns．(be used to do：被用來幹某事)
9.I am not used to getting up early in the morning．(be／get used to doing： 習慣於幹某事)
d) 動詞stop，continue，go on，leaveoff之後，通常用動名詞結構作賓語；如果用不定式結構，則不是賓語而是目的狀語，相當於in order to。試比較：
stopped working．他們停止工作(來做其他事)。
stopped to work。他們停止(做其他事)來工作。
students went on reciting the text．學生們繼續背誦課文。
students went on to recite the text．學生們停下其他事，繼續背誦課文。
let off doing the housework．她停止做家務(去幹其他事)。
let off to do the housework．她停止(幹其他事)來做家務。
動名詞的邏輯主語問題
動名詞，顧名思義，具有名詞的特點，即可以加物主代詞和名詞的屬格來表示其邏輯 (這時動名詞的`邏輯主語與句子主語不一致)。如果動名詞的邏輯主語就是句子主語，不用加物主代詞或名詞的屬格。例如：
watchman reported finding the door open．=
watchman reported that he had found the door open．
此處，finding的主語與主句主語一致，都是the watchman，所以finding前不加物主代詞。
I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.
此處，helping的主語是you，而主句的主語是I，兩者不一致，所以helping前的物主代詞your不能省略。
一般說來，能帶動名詞作賓語的動詞都可以根據語義意圖在動名詞之前加上或略去主語。但有些動詞，如excuse，forgive，pardon等，其後的動名詞結構總是帶有邏輯主語。這些邏輯主語通常由名詞或代詞賓格表示，也可由名詞屬格或形容詞性物主代詞表示。
1.I do mind people smoking in public places．(名詞賓格作邏輯主語)
don't understand him needing so much money．(代詞賓格作邏輯主語)
3.I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise．(物主代詞作邏輯主語)
excused the boy’s upsetting the ink．(名詞屬格作邏輯主語)
