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兩者都可用作關係代詞指人,有時可互換,但以下幾點需注意:
1.在all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody等詞之後兩者都可用,但以用that較普通。如:
All that [who] heard him were delighted.所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。
Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris?你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?
2.在序數詞、形容詞最高階以及the only, the same, the very等之後兩者都可用,但以用that較普通。如:
Newton was one of the greatest men that [who] ever lived.牛頓是世界上最偉大的人物之一。
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。
3.引導非限制性定語從句時,通常只用who。如:
Mrs Smith, who has a lot of teaching experience, will be joining us next term.史密斯夫人很有教學經驗,她下個學期將來與我們一道工作。
4.但是在下列情況,通常只用that():
①當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的並列片語時。如:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報告。
②當先行詞是who時(為避免重複)。如:
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?有同情心的人誰會在那個時候發笑呢?
③當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(可省略)。如:
Tom is not the boy (that) he was.湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個湯姆了。
關係代詞that用法
that常用作關係代詞,可指代某人,也可指代某物,指物時有的時候可用which替換that,指人時可用who替換。但在下列情況下,一般用that。
一、that指代某物事時
1.先行詞為all, few, little, much, the one, something, anything, everything, nothing等時。如:
(1)We'll do all that we can to protect the endangered plants and animals.
我們將盡我們的最大努力來保護那些瀕危的動植物。
(2) There is much that I wan to tell you.
我有很多想要告訴你的話。
(3) Is there anything that I can do for you?
有什麼我可以幫你的嗎?
2.先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, much等限定詞修飾時。如:
(4) You can borrow any book that you want to read in our school library.
在我們圖書館,你可以借任何你想讀的書。
3.先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高階修飾時。如:
(5)This is the most beautiful city that I've ever seen.
這是我見過的最漂亮的城市。
4.先行詞被the only, the very, the right, the last等修飾時。如:
(6)This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday.
這恰好是他們去年參觀的那個工廠。
(7)This is the only painting in this style that we have.
這種風格的畫我們僅有一幅。
5.先行詞是並列結構,既有人又有物時。如:
(8)He talked happily of the writer and his books that interested him.
6.先行詞前有the same修飾,表示和先行詞是同一物時。如:
(9)This is the same purse that I lost yesterday.
這就是我昨天丟的那個錢夾。
注:如果表示的是與先行詞同一類或相似的某物,則用the same…as….如:
(10)This is the same purse as I lost yesterday.
這個錢夾和我昨天丟的那個一樣。
7.先行詞為數詞時。
(11)Look at the books on the bookshelf. You can see the two that you bought me for my birthday.
瞧書架上那些書。你可以看到我過生日時你買的那兩本。
8.如果which引導的定語從句中又含有一個定語從句,為避免重複,第二個定語從句用that。如:
(12)They built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.
他們建了一工廠,生產以前從未見過的東西。
9.以which作主語開頭的.特殊問句,為了避免重複,定語從句用that。如。
(13)Which is the bus that you will take?
你要乘的是哪一班車?
10.關係代詞在定語從句中作表語時,而且通常省略。如:
(14)My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
我的家鄉再也不是以前那個樣子了。
11.關係代詞在there be句型中作主語時,而且常可以省略。如:
(15)This is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.
這是有史以來最快的列車。
二、that指代某人時。
1.泛指某人時。如:
(16)He is a man that is never at a loss.
他是一個從未一籌莫展的人。
2.主句是以作主語的who開頭的特殊問句,為了避免重複時。如:
(17)Who is the person that is talking with our headmaster?
和我們校長說話的那人是誰?
3.先行詞前有the same時。如:
(18)This is the same man that gave us a talk last year.
這和去年給我們作報告的是同一人。
4.關係代詞在定語從句中作表語時。如:
(19)He has changed. He was not the man (that) he was 10 years ago.
他變了。他再也不是10年前的他了。
另外,that也可用作關係副詞,表示時間、地點、原因和方式,在口語中可以用來代替when, where, why引導的定語從句。在以下名詞day, year, time, moment, reason, place等作先行詞時,可用that作關係副詞引導定語從句。如:
(20)I'll never forget the day (that) I joined the League.
我永遠不會忘記我入團的那一天。
(21)Is this the reason (that) they were late for the meeting?
這就是他們開會遲到的原因嗎?
(22)We want to find a place (that) we can have a picnic.
我們想找一個我們能野餐的地方。
(23)This is the first time that I have been abroad for traveling.
這是我第一次到國外去旅遊。
(注:先行詞是time,前面有序數詞或last修飾時,常用that引導定語從句或者省略。)
當先行詞為表示方式的詞the way時,可用that引導定語從句, that常可以省略。
(24)I don't the way you speak to her.
我不喜歡你和她說話那種方式。