導語:定語從句不同於單詞作定語的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞之後。下面小編告訴大家英文中什麼是定語從句,歡迎參考。
在複合句中 , 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句 , 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 , 引導定語從句的有關係代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關係副詞where, when, why等 , 關係代詞和關係副詞在定語從句中擔任句子成份。
定語從句公式:定語從句=先行詞+關係詞+從句
1.由who引導的定語從句中 , who用作主語 , 如 : This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導的定語從句中,whom用作賓語,如:The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導的定語從句中 , whose用作定語 , 如 : Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導的定語從句中,which用作主語或謂語動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語,如:
The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意 :
(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語時 , 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 , 也可放在從句原來的位置上;但在含有介詞的動詞固定片語中,介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如: He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引導非限制性定語從句時,必須用關係代詞which,不用that,如:I have lost
my bag, which I like very much.
(3)關係代詞在句中作主語時,從句的.謂語動詞的人稱和數必須和先行詞保持一致。
5.由that引導的定語從句中,that可以指人或物,在從句中作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,但不能放在介詞後面作介詞賓語,如:
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導定語從句。
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 , 如 :
All that we have to do is to practise English.
(2)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高階所修飾,如
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 , 如
I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時如
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物時,如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)當句中已有who時 , 為避免重複 , 如 : Who is the man that is giving us the class?
6.由when, where, why引導的定語從句,如:
I don't know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意:先行詞是表示地點時,如果從句的謂語動詞是及物的,就用 that(which),如果從句的謂語動詞是不及物的,就用where引導。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分,主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。引導非限制性定語從句的關係代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等,這些關係代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明 , 沒有這種從句 , 不影響主句意思的完整 , 一般用逗號把主句和從句分開 , 關係代詞用 which,不用that;指人時可用who,如 : I have two brothers, who are both students.
8.如何簡化定語從句
(1).定語從句簡化為形容詞或形容詞短語作後置定語。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠的一個村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.
→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。
(2) 定語從句簡化為現在分詞或現在分詞短語作前置或後置定語。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.
→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
站在樹下面的那個人是我們的英語老師。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
當時我看到那房子在燃燒。
(3)定語從句簡化為過去分詞短語作後置定語。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導演的電影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會上受表彰的那個女孩。
(4)定語從句簡化為不定式作後置定語。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報告對我們很重要。
(5)定語從句簡化為what 從句。
I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.
我記不得他說的話。
9.關係代詞引導的定語從句
關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語 從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語)
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語)
10.關係副詞引導的定語從句
關係副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。1)when, where, why
關係副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例 如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?2)that代替關係副詞
that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從 句,在非正式文體中that常被省略(正式文體中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過的地方。