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限制性的定語從句

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  限制性定語從句:

限制性的定語從句

限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制、修飾的作用,關係代詞有that,which,whom,who,whose以及關係副詞when,where等,沒有明顯的逗號把從句與主語分開,表達的意思為被修飾詞的一個定語。

例句:

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?

Where is the book which I bought this morning?

 非限制性定語從句:

作用相當於一種插入語或者對先行詞的一種解釋,和先行詞之間只有比較鬆散的關係,文字中常常用逗號將其與主句分開,用法其實與限制性定語從句極為相似,只是不能用that做修飾詞。

例句:

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.

The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.

  一、

定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:

This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)

2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。

3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。

  二、

從形式上看,限制性定語從句與其先行詞緊緊相連,兩者沒有停頓;非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。從意義上講,限制性定語從句用來修飾先行詞,兩者密不可分;而非限制性定語從句僅僅對先行詞作補充性敘述或說明,兩者關係不那麼緊密。由於兩種定語從句存在著這些區別,一般來說,限制性定語從句多半譯成漢語的前置定語,修飾其後的先行詞,非限制性定語從句則往往譯成後置的並列從句。that不能引導非限制性定語從句。通常對定語從句處理如下:

(1) 限制性定語從句譯成前置定語

These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.

這些居民區經常再現構成大多數居民的大量民族文化和價值觀念。

(2) 非限制性定語從句譯成後置的並列分句

In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.

幾乎所有的發展中國家經濟的'發展都依賴於出口貿易的增長,而出口的增長又有助於創造更多的就業機會和提高人民的生活水平。

但是,有時候因為意思上的關係,或者出於漢語句子結構上的考慮,要把限制性定語從句譯成後置的並列分句,而把非限制性定語從句譯成前置定語。

(3) 限制性定語從句譯成後置的並列從句

Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.

每個隊每賽季參加十到十一場比賽,每個賽季九月份開始,十一月份結束。

(4) 非限制性定語從句譯成前置定語

He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust.

他好象是散步之後回家去,因為他那早已過時的扣鞋上佈滿了灰塵。

(5) 有的定語從句,從意義上看實際相當於一個狀語從句,表示原因,目的,結果,讓步等關係。這樣的定語從句應譯出漢語的偏正複句,但是要加上相應的連線詞以表明其與主句的關係。

Norway is, quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.

挪威自然十分關切歐洲和大西洋國家的發展,因為這些發展大大有助於維護世界上我們這一地區的和平和安全

說明:關係代詞that和關係副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。

三、下面是些例題,你做做看。

一、that不能用來引導非限制性定語從句。如:

【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, ________brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it B. which C. this D. that

解析】選B。後半句為非限制性定語從句,儘管先行詞noise屬於事物,也不能用that而要用which來引導。which指代noise,在從句中作主語。

二、除which外,還可用when,where,whose,whom等引導非限制性定語從句,且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語從句時相同。如:

Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下個月即將來臨,屆時你們將在家鄉度暑假。(關係副詞when指代表示時間的名詞next month,並作從句的狀語。)

She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳門去居住,在那裡她有幾個密友。 (關係副詞where指代表示地點的名詞Macao,並在從句中作狀語。)

【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ________was very reasonable.

A. which price

B. the price of which

C. its price

D. the price of whose

【解析】選B。whose在從句中作表示所屬關係的定語,既可指代人,也可指代物。指物時,常可轉換為of which;指人時常可轉換為of whom。

【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,______many people have gone home.

A. whose time B. that

C. on which D. by which time

【解析】 先行詞5:30 pm與time之間是一種同位關係,可用which來作定語替代。從句中的完成狀態,常與by短語連用。故選D。

三、在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關係代詞不能省略。如:

He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到醫院去看望他的繼母,他把繼母當自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。

 四、非限制性定語從句的關係代詞which,既可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整句的含義。如:

【考例四】 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,________made the others unhappy.

A. who B. which

C. this D. what

【解析】選B。指代“Dorothy總是高度評價自己在那場戲中所擔任的角色”的整個事件。

【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,________personally I doubt very much.

A. it B. that

C. when D. which

【解析】表示時間的名詞October,用“我個人非常懷疑”來修飾,意思不通。應該修飾整個主句, 表示對“Carol說在十月前能做好這項工作”懷疑。故選D。

五、引導非限制性定語從句時as和which的差異:從句置於句首時,非限制性定語從句只能用as引導,而置於句末時,兩者都可以使用。 如:

【考例六】________is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

【解析】逗號表明為非限制性定語從句。選B。

【考例七】________is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

A. Which B. As

C. That D. It

【解析】答案為B。與考例六同理。