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Eat to Live為生存而食
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it's not much fun —and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don't start to diet until old age.
粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長壽，但這並不有趣——很有可能也沒有必要。即便在年老以後才開始節 食我們也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse's liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won't reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. 2
加州大學 Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬· 斯潘德爾及其同事發現，只要連續四周限制一些衰老的老鼠進食， 它們的肝臟基因就會變得和年輕時一樣充滿活力。雖然老鼠的肝部基因恢復活力不會逆轉它們在其他方面的老化，但是卻有助於這些老鼠的肝臟對藥物的新陳代謝和清除黴素。
Spindler's team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half -rations.3 Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old—equivalent to about 70 human years.
斯潘德爾的隊員們一直給三隻老鼠正常量的飼料，而給另外三隻老鼠正常量飼料的一半，給三隻34個 月大的老鼠(相當於人類年齡的70歲)餵了一個月的半量飼料，之前這三隻老鼠的飼料量是正常的。
The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production4—probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 percent of these gene changes.
研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的 11000種基因的活性，發現正常飼養的老鼠有46中基因隨年齡的改變 而改變。這些改變都有體內痰症和自由基的產生有關——這對老鼠的健康來說不是什麼好訊息。而對於那 些終身都在節食的老鼠來說，那46種基因中的27種仍然繼續保持著青春活力。但是最令人吃驚的發現卻是 那些只是在老年時期節食的老鼠們受益於僅有70%的基因改變。
“This is the first indication that these effects kick in5 pretty quickly, ”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.
這只是第一個這些效果迅速起作用的暗示，來自華盛頓特區周邊的國家老年學學院的哈勃· 華納說。
No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There's attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work.” he says .
至今仍然沒有人清楚卡路里的控制對人類來說是否同對老鼠那樣有效，但是斯潘德爾對此充滿了希望：有足以引人注意的'證據表明這同樣有效。
If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
如果這確實也 對人類有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢復活力。舉個例子，隨著我們一天天衰老，我們的身體對藥物的新陳代謝越來越沒有效率。短時期內的節食，斯潘德爾說道，完全足以保證藥效。
But Spindler isn't sure the trade-off is worth it. 6 “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they're hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it's still hard to go to a restaurant and say： ‘I can only eat half of that.’”
但是斯潘德爾並不確定這個方法值得嘗試。老鼠患病少了， 壽命延長了， 但是它們很飢餓， 他說， 即 使能清楚地認識到節食的功效，人們仍然很難在餐館中說自己只能吃一半的食物。
Spindler hopes we soon won't need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.
斯潘德爾希望我們根本就不用節食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州的壽命遺傳學公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物。
詞彙：
meager a不足的
youthful a有青春活力的
vigor n精力，活力
liver n肝臟
genetic a基因的
rejuvenation n恢復活力，返老還童
metabolize vt使(一種物質)進入新陳代謝過程
toxin n毒素
ration n定量
calorie n卡 (熱量的單位)
inflammation n炎症，發炎
trade-off n交換，交易
rejuvenate vt使恢復活力
註釋：
1. hang on to ： 繼續保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting – it might be worth a lot of money one day. 你應該繼續保留那幅畫，或許有一天它會值很多錢。
2. The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. 老鼠的肝部基因恢復活力不會逆轉老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助於肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。 other damage caused by time 歲月造成的其他方面的破壞，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代謝藥物，即“使藥物降解”。 get rid of：擺脫，除去。
3. half-rations 和 half-feed： 都是指“老鼠飼料正常定量(normal diet) 的一半”。
4. free radical production：指“自由基的產生”=(有機體組織、器官等的)無限激增。
5. kick in ：意為“開始起作用”。如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in. 我們還在等著空調開始起作用。
6. be worth it ： 意為“值得，有益”。例如：They are expensive, but they are worth it. 那些東西很貴，但很值。
練習：
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer.
B. If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.
C. Dieting might not be needed.
D. We have to begin dieting from childhood.
1. D 第一段第一句講“節食可能不是非做不可的事”， 第二句講“即使上了年紀再節食， 我們仍然有可 能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我們必須從小就開始節食”是錯誤的，D 是答案。
2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?
A. To describe the influence of old age on mice.
B. To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.
C. To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.
D. To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.
2. B 第二段提及“一隻高齡老鼠”的時候，作者談到，“只要連續四周限制它進食，它肝臟中的某些基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力”。據此，“為了描述節食對老鼠所產生的影響”最好地回答了題幹中的問題。
3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?
A. They will not experience free radical production.
B. They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.
C. They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.
D. They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.
3. D 第四段提到，正常飼養的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有46條肝臟基因會發生變化。這種變化與炎症和自由基的產生(身體組織無限激增)相關“，因此，D 正確。
4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?
A. The mice that started dieting in old age.
B. 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.
C. Calorie restriction that works in people.
D. Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.
4. A 第四段最後一個句子講“但最驚人的發現是那些上了年紀才開始節食的老鼠也能從70% 的基因變化中受益“。”最驚人的“自然是”最令研究人員感興趣的“。
5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that .
A. calorie restriction is very important to young people
ng the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal.
ing is not a good method to give us health and a long life.
s do not have the effects of calorie restriction.
5. C 文章的最後兩段談及 Spindler 對節食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節食是否值得。其次，他希望在不久的將來，我們不必節食。所以我們可以推知，他認為節食不是得以健康長壽的好辦法。
