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理工A閱讀文章及譯文Older Volcanic Eruptions
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
譯文：
遠古火山噴發
古代的火山更具殺傷力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出來的二氧化碳更容易把人殺死。
來自里茲大學的Paul Wignall正在調查火山爆發和大規模物種滅絕之間的聯絡。不是所有的火山都會造成大量動物死亡。但在過去的三億年間，巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴隨著大規模種族滅絕。讓他驚奇的是，遠古的火山造成的破壞更大。他通過比較火山釋放出的熔岩的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷效力。他發現，體積相同的情況下，老遠古火山要比近期火山的殺傷力大十倍。
例如，發生在兩億五千年前的二疊紀物種滅絕就與西伯利亞的火山爆發發生在同一時期。當時的火山岩大約覆蓋了西歐那麼大的面積。當時火山釋放出了大約100億噸梯恩梯的二氧化碳，隨之而來的全球變暖殺死了80%的海洋生物。500萬年以後，地球才恢復到原來的狀態。然而，6000年前，火山大規模爆發，以及而後的全球變暖並沒有帶來種族滅絕。一些動物確實消失了，但幾萬年以後，地球又恢復到以前的水平。“最近的一次火山爆發基本上沒帶來什麼影響。”Wignall稱。他並沒有將650萬年前的恐龍滅絕計算在內，因為大部分的科學家認為那是有小行星撞擊地球所引起的。他認為，遠古火山之所以殺傷力大是因為近期的生物能夠更好的`適應二氧化碳含量上升。
法國巴黎地理研究所的所長Vincent Courtillot稱Wignall的觀點很具爭議性，並且很難做出這樣的計算。他指出火山爆發的殺傷力是由其持續長度所決定的。並且很難知道是否大規模爆發會持續上百萬年。他補充道，很難計算遠古火山灰噴發多少火山岩，並且火山岩的數量也不一定和二氧化碳釋放數量相一致。
詞彙：
dioxide n. 二氧化物
lava n. 熔岩
Permian adj. 二疊紀
gigaton n. 十億噸梯恩梯
genera n. 種類
dinosaurs n. 恐龍
asteroid n. 小行星
註釋：The Permian extinction 二疊紀物種滅絕
練習：
1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A) Because they killed off life more easily.
B) Because they were brighter.
C) Because they were larger.
D) Because they were hotter.
2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A) By estimating how long they lasted.
B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3. When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A) 300 million years ago.
B) 250 million years ago.
C) 60 million years ago.
D) 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A) They were killed off by an asteroid.
B) They died of drastic climate change.
C) They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.
D) The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5. What is the main thesis of the article?
A) Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B) Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C) Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D) It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
答案與題解：
1.A 問題問的是：為什麼遠古的火山爆發比近期的火山爆發破壞性更大?第一段是這麼說的：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因為它們更大，而是因為它們釋放出的二氧化碳更能容易地毀滅生命。
2.D 問題問的是：Wignall是如何計算出遠古火上爆發的殺傷力的?答案在第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.他通過比較火山釋放出的熔岩的體積與殺死生命的比例計算這些火山的殺傷效力。
3.C 問題問的是：恐龍是什麼時候滅絕的?答案在第三段。其中有這麼一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.他沒有提及6千5百萬年前恐龍的滅絕是因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。
4.D 問題問的是：第三段還可以推匯出有關恐龍的什麼樣的資訊?在討論第三題的答案時，我們已經注意到了，Wignall沒有提6千5百萬年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發有關是因為許多科學家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說明，關於恐龍滅絕的原因在科學家之間是有分歧的。
5.B 問題問的是：文章的主要論點是什麼?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, ...(古代火山更具破壞力)。
