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大學聯考英語閱讀理解高分技巧大綱

英語閱讀 閱讀(2.19W)

英文閱讀是目前國內英語各種類考試中,分值最高,難度較大的一種考試題型,下面是大學聯考英語閱讀理解高分技巧,供大家參考與學習!

大學聯考英語閱讀理解高分技巧大綱

一、常見題型分析

(一)主旨大意題

主旨大意題在閱讀理解試題中所佔比例及難度都相當大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表達的主要內容,是全文的核心,作者在文章中努力通過各種細節資訊來闡明中心話題。因此,把握主旨大意對於正確理解全文具有重要意義。要找出主旨大意,應採用快速閱讀法瀏覽全文,閱讀時要注意抓住表達中心思想的句子。文章不同,中心句在文章中的位置也就不同,但一般情況下閱讀時應特別留意文章的開頭、結尾及各個段落的首句和尾句,因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題。更多精彩盡在《試題調研》第9輯《考前搶分必備》

常見的命題方式:

What is the main idea of this passage?

What dose this passage mainly concern?

The main theme of this passage is_____________

The main point of the passage is___________

Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is______

The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_____

Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

文章主題常常可以通過文章的寫作方法來體現,有以下幾種情況:

1。題句位於句首。主題句出現在文首,開門見山,提出主題,隨之用細節來解釋、支撐主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹寫作法。 2。主題句位於段末。主題句出現在文章結尾是作者採用了先擺事實,後作結論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。這是英語中最常見的歸納寫作法。3. 主題句首尾呼應。為突出主題,作者先提出主題,結尾時再次點出主題,這種首尾呼應的寫作方法也較為多見。通常,前後表述主題的句子不是簡單的重複,後面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。4。主題句位於段落的中間。主題句出現在文章的中間,通常前面只提出問題,文章的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中匯出,而後又作進一步的解釋、說明或發展。5。主題句隱含在段意之中。全文沒有明確的主題句。其中心思想包含在各個句子中,在這種情況下,讀者要把所有已知的細節綜合起來,進行邏輯推理,概括歸納出主題句。

【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。

Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(電網). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。

……

Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than £65 per year。

Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘車上班族) could save about £260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas. (2008·安徽卷)

This passage is mainly about ________。

A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tips

C. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting tips

【解析】本文主要介紹瞭如何節約能源。本文是一篇科普文章,主題很明顯,文章一開始就點明瞭主題,接下來整篇文章都是圍繞如何save energy展開,而save fuel僅僅只是其中的一部分。故選A。針對主旨大意類題目,應採用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文。在閱讀時,應特別注意文章的開頭、結尾及段落的段首句和段尾句,因為他們往往名包含文章的中心議題。

【典例2】 Domestic (馴養的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren’t tame (馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。

Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。

……

The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008·北京卷)

The passage is mainly about _______。

A. why humans domesticated horses

B. how humans and horses needed each other

C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes

D. how human societies and horses influenced each other

【解析】本文以時間為順序,記敘了人類對馬的馴化以及馬對人類的生活所產生的重要影響。本題考查主旨大意。前四段說明,人類馴養了野馬,使得馬的種類繁多,這是人類社會對馬的影響;最後一段說明,馬作為交通工具加速了人類文化傳播的程序。故文章的主題應是D所說的內容。此主題句出現在文章的最後一段。如果文章沒有明確的主題句,文章的中心思想往往包含在各個段落中,考生可採取提綱挈領的方法,通過分析細節把文章的要點歸納出來,概括出全文的中心思想。

選擇標題屬主旨大意題,是閱讀理解題常考的題型之一。那麼怎麼樣選擇文章的標題?選擇文章標題屬深層次理解題,它要求考生在通讀全文的基礎上,認真分析主人公的特定心態、文章大意及作者寫作意圖,在此基礎上,所選出的標題還應做到概括性、針對性、醒目性的有機結合。

1。概括性原則 要求標題應在最大限度上覆蓋全文,囊括文章的主要內容,體現文章的主旨。標題實際上是文章主題的一種確認方式。前面我們提到,通過尋找主題句,往往很容易確定短文的標題。但大多數文章的主題句並不明顯,需要我們通過體會字裡行間蘊含的意思從整體上把握文章的主旨,從全域性的角度概括歸納出文章的標題。要防止本末倒置,主次不分,以點代面,以偏概全。

2。針對性原則 針對性原則是對標題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標題包括文章的主要內容。但如果標題過大,就違背了針對性原則、針對性原則要求標題不能太過於概括,而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即標題不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣,大小適度。

3。醒目性原則 標題是文章的點睛之筆,是文章的靈魂。標題的好壞往往會影響文章的可讀性。讀者往往從標題上決定文章的閱讀取捨。故標題往往比較醒目,甚至比較離奇,目的是為了吸引讀者的注意力,喚起讀者對文章閱讀的興趣。所以在標題選擇的過程中,在滿足概括性和針對性的條件下,還要考慮標題的醒目性。

(二)推理判斷題

推理判斷題是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關係的分析和細節的暗示,作出一定的判斷和推理,從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。推理判斷題在閱讀中屬於難度較高的題型,通常佔總題數的15%-30%。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關係的能力以及考生的識別能力。推理判斷題所涉及的內容可能是文中某一句話,也可能是某幾句話,要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎上,對文章字面資訊進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理,揭示其深層含義。常出現的推理題有邏輯推理,知識推理等。這類考題中常出現的詞有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, can, could, might, may等。

常見的命題方式:

From paragraph one we can infer that_________

What can be inferred from the passage?

We can infer from the text that…?

What can we learn from…?

We can conclude from the passage that_______

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that______

The author implies that_______

This passage would most likely be found in______

The author’s attitude toward…is_________?

推理判斷題要在閱讀理解整體語篇的基礎上,掌握文章的真正內涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思,從字裡行間捕捉有用的提示和線索,這是推理的前提和基礎;(2)要對文字的表面資訊進行挖掘加工,由表入裡,由淺入深,從具體到抽象,從特殊到一般,通過分析、綜合、判斷等,進行深層處理,符合邏輯地推理。不能就事論事,斷章取義,以偏概全;(3)要忠實於原文,不能主觀臆想,更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點;(4)要把握句、段之間的邏輯關係,瞭解語篇的結構。要體會文章的基調,揣摩作者的態度,摸準邏輯發展的方向,悟出作者的弦外之音。

【典例1】 Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weather forecaster by something truly fishier—the shark(鯊魚)。

Research by a British biology student suggests that sharks could be used to predict storms。

Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing her study on shark’s ability to sense pressure。

If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather。

It has been discovered that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system。

At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas, Miss Smith fixed hi-tech sensors to sharks to record pressure and temperature, while also tracking them using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology。

In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effects of tidal(潮汐的) and temperature changes on dogfish—none of which were harmed. She also used a special lab which can mimic(模擬) oceanic pressure changes caused by weather fronts。

She is due to complete her study and graduate later this year. She says she will be looking for a job which will give her the chance to enrich her experience of shark research. (2008·天津卷)

44. The passage is most probably taken from _____。

A. a short-story collection

B. a popular science magazine

C. a research paper

D. a personal diary

45. What do we learn from the first four paragraph of the passage?

A. Sharks may be used to predict bad weather。

B. Sharks’ behaviour can be controlled。

C. Michael Fish is not qualified for his job。

D. Lauren Smith will become a weather forecaster。

如:Mary is due to leave at two o’clock。

【解析】本文為科普類文章,介紹了一位英國生物系學生對於鯊魚來預測暴風雨的研究。

44. B 推理判斷題。本題適宜用排除法。由文章內容來看這是一篇科普文,A、D可刪除,由文章的語言來看,並未出現大量的專業術語,可刪除C “a research paper”(科研論文)

45. A 推理判斷題。由第一段和第四段可知,前四段所要表達的含義為If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behavior of Sharks to predict bad weather。(科學家們可以通過監視鯊魚的行為來預測不好的天氣”。故A 項正確。細節推斷題要求學生根據語篇關係,推斷具體細節,如時間、地點、人物關係、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據短文提供的資訊,或者藉助生活常識進行推理判斷。解答此類題,不僅需要我們有一定的社會基礎知識,而且還需要對細節以及有關背景知識有一個充分的理解。

(三)詞義推測題

該題型主要考查考生根據上下文推測詞義和語義的能力,突出考查對語境的分析和把握能力。近幾年的大學聯考閱讀理解題越來越重視對猜詞悟義能力的`考查,試題中有一到兩個小題是直接考查詞義猜測的。從考查內容看主要有猜測某個生詞、熟詞、短語或句子的意思以及猜測代詞的指代等。

常見的命題方式:

Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word…?

The word…could best be replaced by…?

In the…paragraph, the word…means(refers to)…

According to the passage,…probably means…

The authors uses the word…to mean…

The word…is most likely to mean…。

【典例1】 Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager。

“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?’” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste。”

Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits。

… (2008·廣東卷)

41. The underlined word “gulf” in Para.3 most probably means _________。

A. interest B. distance C. difference D. separation

【解析】本文講述“代溝”的發展、變化。以40歲左右為分界線,之前和之後與子女間的關係在改變,雖然代溝越來越窄,但仍沒有消失,家庭研究專家提醒新的平等關係也會導致子女對父母的不尊重。41. D 由上文中提到的 “…he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager。”以及“There was just a complete gap in taste。”可知gulf應表示兩代人之間關係的“代溝”。separation指“分開,分離”。猜測詞義時更多用到的方法是:結合上下文的意義、線索、內在邏輯關係。一般情況下,上下文所提示的意義與所考詞彙通常是同義、反義或針對性解釋的關係,可直接確定詞義。根據上下文意義很難作出判斷的,就考慮用句法和內在邏輯方法去判斷,符合句法和內在邏輯的可能為正確答案,反之則排除。

(四)細節理解題

細節理解題在大學聯考閱讀理解題中佔有相當大的比例。從2007·全國各地的試題來看,細節理解題佔全部閱讀理解題的50%還多。細節理解題一般是根據短文提供的資訊和事實提問的。細節題可分為兩種型別:一種是答案几乎可以直接出短文中獲得,正確答案和原文中含相關資訊的句子也幾乎相同;另一種細節題要複雜一些,有時在原文中找不到同正確選項相近的詞,正確答案可能是原文某一事實的結果、原因、前提等。細節理解題的特點是:要選擇的答案一定要在短文中找到相關的詞、短語、句子或段落。選擇的依據必須是短文字身提供的資訊,而絕不是根據自己的主觀假設或推測或是自己的觀點來決定。在閱讀過程中對一些涉及到who, what, when, where, how, why等常考的細節內容做適當標記,以便於解題時迅速、準確的查詢。

常見的命題方式:

According to the author, who/what/when/ where/which/why/how…?

Which of the following statements is true/not true?

The statement made by the author is based on the evidence/example/fact that_____

Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text?

The author states all of the following EXCEPT_________

當問題中含有not,except,but等表示否定、排除等意義的詞時,需要進行逆向思維。因此,一定要保持思維清晰、認真審題,不要武斷。

【典例1】 Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legendary unicorn(獨角獸). Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times. The great philosopher Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn--- the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kind of antelope. Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family, town council or university as their special sign. Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn。

According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast without being hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree。

… (2008·江西卷)

56. Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn?

A. It was not historically recorded

B. Its horn was first used in France

C. It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx

D. It could be the symbol of a university

57. To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT ____。

A. tempting the unicorn to attack

B. making use of the tree as a protection

C. hiding quickly behind the unicorn

D. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree

【解析】本文為一篇說明文,主要介紹了傳說中的獨角獸,如何捕捉,以及獨角獸角的用途等。56. D 細節理解題。A項錯誤是因為與第一段第二句不吻合;B項錯誤是因為與第三段中的事實不符,文中只提到了the French court用了unicornhorn,時間是the French Revolution in 1789,並未說這是第一次使用;C項錯在與第一段不符,文中只提到了Aristotle的理論闡述,並沒有說人們對the Indian Ass和the Oryx熟悉;D項與第一段倒數第二句內容吻合。對細節考查通常涉及一些長難句,對此,不要驚慌,首先判斷是簡單句還是複合句,若是簡單句,先找句子的主、謂、賓,理解其主要意義,再加附屬成分的意義。若是複合句,先判斷從句,再分析各自的意義,最後聯合整句意義。對於細節理解題要認真,周全考慮方能選取正確答案。這種題的正確選項往往是原文意義的不同表現形式。干擾項常是以下幾種情況:選項本身正確,但不符合題幹要求;選項本身錯誤或原文根本沒有提到;選項中含有原文資訊,但其中個別詞描述的不準確,這種選項的干擾性最強,考生在答題時要十分注意。

57. C 細節理解題。A項正確是因為與第二段中提到的the hunter的誘捕行為吻合,即stand in front of a tree來引誘unicorn的攻擊,其目的就是catch a unicorn;B項正確是因為 the hunter 引誘unicorn來攻擊而後move quickly behind it(the tree),其目的就是利用the tree作為掩護,而不是躲到unicorn的後面,所以C項錯誤;D項正確是因為與第二段最後一句吻合。問題中有時含有NOT,EXCEPT,BUT等表示否定、排除等意義的詞語,需要進行逆向思維。因此,一定要保持思維清晰,認真審題,不宜匆忙武斷。

二、解題方法

1. 先看題幹,帶著問題讀文章。

即先看試題,再讀文章。閱讀題幹,首先要掌握問題的型別,分清是客觀資訊題還是主觀判斷題。客觀資訊題可以從文章中直接找到答案;而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調,作者未加陳述的觀點以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,這類題必須經過對作者的態度、意圖以及對整篇文章進行深一層的推理等。其次,瞭解試題題幹以及各個選項所包含的資訊,然後有針對性地對文章進行掃讀,對有關資訊進行快速定位,再將相關資訊進行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的準確率,節省了寶貴的時間。特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。

2. 速讀全文,瞭解大意知主題。

閱讀的目的是獲取資訊。一個人的閱讀能力的高低決定了他能否快速高效吸收有用資訊。閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。沒有一定的閱讀速度就不能順利地輸入資訊,更談不上運用英語。近幾年的大學聯考閱讀速度大約是每分鐘40個詞左右。考生必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀,搜尋關鍵詞、主題句,捕捉時空、順序、情節、人物、觀點,並且理清文章脈絡,把握語篇實質。

抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭和結尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章,都是表述細節的句子在前,概述性的句子居後。此時主題句就是文章的最後一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章,大都遵循從一般到個別的寫作程式,即從概述開始,隨之輔以細說。這時,主題句就是文章的第一句。當然也有些文章沒有主題句,需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用,主旨大意題,歸納概括題,中心思想題往往直接可從主題句中找到答案。

3。詳讀細節,理順思路與文章脈絡。

文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文,有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心,以時間或空間為線索,按事件的發生、發展、結局展開故事;論述體則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素,通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點。你可根據文章的特點,詳讀細節,以動詞、時間、地點、事件、因果等為線索,找出關鍵詞語,運用"畫圖列表法",勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細節的認知圖。

4. 邏輯推理,做好深層理解題。

在實際閱讀中,有時作者並未把意圖說出來,閱讀者要根據字面意思,通過語篇邏輯關係,研究細節的暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章的寓義。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(中心思想,加標題等)和推理判斷題,是閱讀理解中的難點。深層理解是一種創造性的思維活動。它必須忠實於原文;要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據,立足已知推斷未知,不能憑空想象,隨意揣測;它要求讀者對文字的表面資訊進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理,不能就事論事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才有前提和基礎。