在日常學習、工作生活中，我們總免不了要接觸或使用試題，藉助試題可以檢驗考試者是否已經具備獲得某種資格的基本能力。一份好的試題都是什麼樣子的呢？下面是小編為大家收集的英語四級閱讀理解考試題及答案，希望能夠幫助到大家。
英語四級閱讀理解考試題及答案 篇1
Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.
First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.
One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly.
1.．Why should pruning be done?
A．To make the tree grow taller. B．To improve the shape of the tree.
C．to get rid of the small ranches . D．To make the small branches thicker.
2.．Trees become unhealthy if the gardener__________.
A. giving a tree a special shape and adefinite height
B. removing small side branches and making atree look less thick
C. allowing too many branches to grow in themiddle
D. having a tree surrounded by many othertrees
3.．Why is a special material painted on the tree?
A．To help a wound to dry. B．to cover a rough surface.
C．To make a wound smooth. D．To prevent disease entering a wound.
4.．A good gardener prunes a tree _________ .
A．several times throughout the year B．as quickly as possible
C．occasionally when necessary D．regularly every winter
5.．What was the author’s purpose when writingthis passage?
A．To discuss different methods of pruning.
B．To introduce some common knowledge of pruning.
C．To explain how trees developdisease.
D．To give practical instruction for pruning atree.
英語四級閱讀理解考試題及答案 篇2
Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines. In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不動搖) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates. When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away. The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(瘋人). The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.” Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (內向), inhibited (壓抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
1. According to the report,______. A) many short sleepers need less sleep by nature B) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work C) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day D) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood
2. Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____. A) sleep is a withdrawal from the reality B) sleep interferes with their sound judgement C) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program D) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles
3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____. A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life B) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep C) do not know how to relax properly D) are more unlikely to run into mental problems
4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____. A) appear disturbed B) become energetic C) feel dissatisfied D) be extremely depressed
5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage? A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakened B) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patients C) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep D) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest
【答案及詳解】 答案：DCBAB 貝克爾和哈特曼報道說，“睡眠少的人”在未進入少年期之前，其正常睡眠時間大致與所需要的時間差不多。但到了15歲左右，由於學校、工作或其它活動的地壓力，他們就故意地減少了夜間睡眠的時間。這些人持有這樣的觀點：夜間睡眠是一件令人討厭的事情，打斷了日常事務。 總的說來，這些“睡眠少的人”表現得雄心勃勃、積極活躍、精力充沛、無意識樂觀豁達、立場堅定，對自己職業的選擇胸有成竹。他們往往同時從事幾項工作，或者一邊上學讀書，一邊從事專職或兼職工作。其中許多人有強烈願望，想在朋友和熟人面前表現得“正常”或“合群”。 當讓他們回憶夢境時，“睡眠少的人”回憶不起什麼來。更有甚者，他們似乎情願什麼都記不住。類似的情況是他們通常處理心理問題的方式：不承認問題的存在，希望只要忙忙碌碌，麻煩總會過去的。 “睡眠少的人”的睡眠模式與被劃入瘋子之類精神病患者的睡眠模式十分相似，只不過沒有那麼嚴重而已。 “睡眠多的人”情形則大不相同。貝克爾和哈特曼報道說，這些年輕人從小的，有抱負的睡眠就一直很長。他們好像注重睡眠，不讓睡眠受打攪。偶爾沒有所需的9個小時夜間臥床休息，他們便會十分不安。他們比“睡眠少的人”要更能回憶得起夢的內容。許多“睡眠多的人”靦腆、焦躁、內向、壓抑、消極和稍微有點兒沮喪，尤其在社交場合缺乏自信。好幾個人坦言，睡眠是擺脫每天煩惱的一種方式。
英語四級閱讀理解考試題及答案 篇3
Passage Three
Method of Scientific Inquiry
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.
[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.
2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
[A]. the similarity between the two periods.
[B]. that it was an act of God.
[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.
[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.
3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”
[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.
[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.
[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.
[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.
4. According to the author, mathematics is
[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.
[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.
5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.
[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.
[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.
[D]. a pun.
Vocabulary
1. inductive 歸納法
induction n.歸納法
2. deductive 演繹法
deduction n.演繹法
3. culmination 到達頂/極點
4. conversant （with） 熟悉的，精通的
5. exercise 運用，實行，執行儀式
singular 卓越的，非凡的，獨一無二的
6. conjunction 結合，同時發生
7. omnipotence 全能，無限權/威力
8. Providence （大寫）指上帝，天道，天令
9. commonplace 平凡的，陳腐的
10. inquiry 調查，探究（真理，知識等）
11. doctrine 教義，學說，講義
12. correlative 相互關聯的
13. antithesis 對立面，對偶（修辭學中），對句
14. coordinate 同等的，並列的
15. subsist 生存，維持生活
16. attribute 特徵，屬性
17. connote 意味著，含蓄（指詞內涵）
難句譯註
1. Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.
[結構簡析] 破折號後面的內容（見難句譯註2）先撇開。這樣便於理解，整個句子是主謂表結構，前面一個問題句作主語，question後跟一個定語從句，和not less than連線的表語。
[參考譯文] 為什麼歸納發和數學科學，在希臘文明達到頂點時首先快速發展後，兩千年內進展緩慢，現在哲學家對這個問題的興趣不亞於對這些科學很熟悉研究的物件。
2. …—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—…
[參考譯文] 問什麼在後來的二百年中自然科學數理科學積累起來，它們廣泛的超越了過去已知的一切，所以就把這些科學視為我們時代的產品。
3. arrested development 停滯發展（被制止了的發展）。
4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
[參考譯文] 或者我們是否應當把兩個階段的特點歸因於所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外事件）——歸因於客觀環境中相似（結合）的影響。這一點除非以指導一切的上帝的智慧和無限權利來解釋，否則難以解說清楚。
寫作方法與文章大意
這是篇議論文，論及科學探索的方法，總體是因果寫法，具體分析又是對比寫法。作者採用問答方式探究為什麼希臘文明頂峰之後兩千年，科技發展緩慢，而最近兩百年又迅速發展超越前人，其原因在哪裡?是採用新，舊方法所致，歷史之偶然性，還是上天安排。
然後以現代用歸納法，古代用演繹法太狹隘說明科學總是在觀察，實驗，檢驗，證實中前進。但事實難以解釋慢和快的現象。最後以“對立”——事實和理論對立古代重視事實來解釋。然這兩者是對立的統一。真正的理論就是事實。事實，構成之間具邏輯聯絡，就具有理論的一切正面特性。這種區分雖不足以解釋科學研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基礎，含有真正方法中的重要特性。
答案詳解
1. D. 科學研究/探索的方法。文章一開始就提出問題，為什麼從希臘文化頂峰時期後兩千年來歸納法和數學科學發展如此緩慢，而後的兩百年又超越了前人，是應用新，舊方法關係還是其它（見難句譯註1，2）。第二段講埃及古代在科學探索中運用了演繹推理法，而現在應用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經仔細稽核，難以很清晰地點明古代和現代科學教義和探究上明顯的`差別。因為一切知識都基於觀察，通過分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推理，有可能的話，經過校正或經由演繹指導下再觀察而向前推進。第三段進一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實驗;忽略相關事實，推理不慎;不能答出理論的結論，再用實驗或觀察來檢驗等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現代都會失敗。但這不能說明為什麼現代科學具有較高的功效，通過什麼方式方法，超越了前人，更不用說說明最近科學突飛猛進的原因。第四，五段涉及事實和理論的關係。
A. 數學的哲學，文內沒有提。 B. 近來科學的發展。 C. 事實的驗證，只是最後兩段提及驗證方法之作用。
2. B. 是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗後得出的結論。見難句譯註4，第一段最後一句話。
A. 兩個階段的相似性。 . 兩者都試圖應用歸納法。 D. 由於演繹法的衰落。
3. A. 後者需要證實。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實的對立面和理論，或事實和思想中發現上述現象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘，也會因模糊不清遭批評。因為，對立面不全面，事實和理論不是同類的事物。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實——一種特殊類別的事實，一般複雜，但仍是事實。而事實，從詞的狹義來說，如果很複雜，如果各成分中存在著邏輯的聯絡，就具有理論的一切主要特徵。第五段第二句，事實是一個提議，通過運用知識的源泉和經驗而證實的提議直接而又簡單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實的一切特性（除非其證實只能通過非直接的，遙遠的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉成事實必須用簡單的核實，理論因此具有事實的一切特性。
B. 前者簡單。 C. 是現代科學家和古希臘的差異。 D. 幫助我們瞭解演繹法，三項都不對。
4. C. 是推理演繹科學，這個問題常識就能回答。
A. 歸納法科學。 B. 需要簡單證實。 D. 基於事實和理論。
5. B. 是一個悖論，見第四，五段註釋。
A. 比喻。 C. 對歸納法和演繹法的讚揚。 D. 雙關語。
